ADOLESCENCE:

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Chapter 12

• ADOLESCENCE
• Emotional And Social Development

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Development of Identity
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Hall

• Halls Portrayal of Storm and Stress
• Characterized by inevitable turmoil,
  maladjustment, tension, rebellion, dependency
  conflicts, and exaggerated peer-group conformity

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Sullivan

• Interpersonal Theory of Development
• Preadolescence need for intimate relationship
  with same-sex playmate
• Early Adolescence need for sexual satisfaction,
  personal intimacy and personal security
• Late Adolescence satisfying sexual needs and a
  sexually and personally intimate relationship

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Erikson

• The Crisis of Adolescence
• Consists of the search for identity.
• Identity diffusion lack of ability to commit
  oneself to occupation or station in life
• Negative identity debased self-image and social
  role
• Deviant identity Lifestyle at odds with the
  values and expectations of society

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Marcia

• Four types of identity formation
• 1. Identity diffusion
• 2. Identity foreclosure
• 3. Identity moratorium
• 4. Identity achievement

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Cultural Aspects

• Puberty Rites Initiation ceremonies that
  socially symbolize the transition from childhood
  to adulthood.
• Less obvious in Western countries
• Adolescence Not Necessarily Stormy or
  Stressful?
• Bandura Only for 10 of adolescents

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Carol Gilligan

• Adolescent Girls and Self-Esteem
• Womens model of self collectivist, ensembled
  or connected
• Mens model of self individualist, independent
  or autonomous
• Girls begin to doubt the authority of their own
  inner voices.

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Mary Pipher

• Identity Formation in Adolescent Girls
• Culture is destroying the identity and self
  esteem of many adolescent girls.

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Michael Gurian

• Identity Formation in Boys
• Boys need a primary and extended family,
  relationships with mentors and intense support
  from school and community.

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Peers and Family
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Youth Culture

• The Adolescent Peer Group
• Youth culture standardized ways of thinking,
  feeling and acting that are characteristic of a
  large body of young people.

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Consciousness of oneness

• Sympathetic identification in which group members
  feel that their inner experiences and emotional
  reactions are similar

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Status

• Obtaining high status in todays adolescent
  society
• Ability to project an air of confidence in ones
  essential masculinity or femininity
• Ability to deliver a smooth performance in a
  variety of situations and settings.

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Adolescents and Their Families

• Influence in Different Realms of Behavior
• Parents finances, education and career plans
• Peers dress, personal adornment, dating,
  drinking, music and entertainment
• Shift in the Family Power Equation
• Adolescents and Their Mothers

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Courtship, Love and Sexuality
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Courtship, Love and Sexuality

• Three images
• 1. Public health/preventive medicine
• perspective
• 2. Conservative moral view
• 3. Conservative economic approach

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Differing Behavioral Patterns

• Higher rates of sexual intercourse for
  adolescents in single-parent families
• Less parental supervision
• Single parents date sexual behavior as role
  model for teens
• Divorced parents more permissive attitudes
  about sex

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Courtship

• Changes in dating behaviors

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Love

• Some societies do not believe in romantic love.
• Some psychologists romantic love a state of
  physiological arousal that individuals define as
  love.
• Leibowitz love has a unique chemical basis.

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Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

• Development of Sexual Behavior
• Adolescent Sexual Expression

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Sexual Activity Rates

• Increased through the 80s, plateaued in the
  early 90s, declined through 1997
• Multiple Sex Partners
• Percentage decreased overall

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Teenage Pregnancy

• 1 of every 10 teenaged girls becomes pregnant.
• Mixed messages about contraception
• Why Do Teenagers Become Pregnant?
• Most teenagers seek contraceptive care one year
  after first sexual activity.

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Teenage Pregnancy

• The Young Teen Mother
• Sex Education, Safe Sex and Contraception
• Abortion

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Sexual Orientation

• One in four enter adolescence unsure of their
  sexual orientation.
• By 18, most deem themselves heterosexual or
  homosexual.
• Difficult adolescence for homosexuals

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Career Development and Vocational Choice
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World of Work

• Preparing for the World of Work
• Adolescents ill-prepared for making vocational
  decisions
• Changing Employment Trends in the U.S.
• Young Americans without skills and often those
  with them, cannot count on a decent job.

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Balancing School and Work

• 20 or more hours a week more stress
• Dropping out of High School
• Rate between 11 to 23

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Risky Behaviors
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Alcohol and Drugs

• Social Drinking and Drug Abuse
• Drug abuse excessive or compulsive use of
  chemical agents interferes with health, social
  or vocational functioning and functioning of
  society.

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Binge Drinking

• Downing five or more drinks in a row for men
• Four or more for women

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Why do Teens Use Drugs?

• Recreational use central to many adolescent peer
  groups
• Teenage Suicide
• Third leading cause of death among adolescents

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Teenage Suicide

• Risk factors
• Depression characterized by prolonged feelings
  of gloom, despair, futility, profound pessimism
  and tendency toward guilt and self-reproach.

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Suicide Prevention

• Strongest risk factor firearm at home
• Treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants

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Antisocial Behaviors

• Families and neighbors hold the keys to cutting
  crime.
• Violence and Age
• Young people 12-17 are the most frequent victims
  of violent crime in the U.S.