Human Development

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Human Development
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Perspectives on Development

• Physical Development
• Intellectual Development
• Cognitive Development
• Moral Development
• Social and Personal Development

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
smaller headsdeformed facial featuresabnormal
joints and limbspoor coordinationproblems
with learningshort memories
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Teratogens Monster Makers

• Alcohol, recreational drugs, prescription
  medicines, viruses, bacteria, toxins, etc.
• Any of the above can be teratogens and disrupt
  normal fetal development

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Germinal Period (2 weeks post-conception)

• Fertilization

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Germinal Period

• 2 weeks

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Embryonic Period (six weeks after Germinal Period

• 4 weeks after conception

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Embryonic Period

• 5 weeks after conception

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Embryonic Period

• 8 weeks

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Fetal Development

• 18 weeks

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Fetal Development

• 20 weeks

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Fetal Development

• 24 weeks

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Fetal Development

• 30 weeks

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Fetal Development

• 40 weeks

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Stages of Physical Development

• Neonate - newborn
• Infancy
• Toddlerhood
• Childhood
• Adolescence puberty
• Adulthood
• Middle Age
• Advanced Age

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Motor Development

• Motor Development proceeds in a down and out
  fashion.
• Head and arm control comes before leg and foot
  control.
• Control also begins in the center of body then to
  extremities
• Large muscle control precedes control of small
  muscles

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Stages of Motor Development

• Sits without support 5-6 months
• Pulls to standing position 7-8 months
• Crawls 10
  months
• Stands alone 11 12 months
• Walks alone 12 months
• Sequence of steps is fixed the ages at which
  they occur are not fixed.

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Toddlerhood to Adolescence

• During this period, physical growth continues,
  but at a slower rate than before. Eye-hand
  coordination improves dramatically.
• During adolescence, a growth spurt occurs.
  Physical growth and development increases
  rapidly.
• Puberty is the time when a person reaches sexual
  maturity. Around age 11 for girls and age 13 for
  boys.
• Hormones of the endocrine system cause the onset
  of puberty

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Sexual Maturity

• Estrogens in females and androgens in boys
  (hormones) lead to the development of secondary
  sex characteristics.
• Girls develop breasts, hips broaden
• Menarche is the onset of menstruation (age 12-13)
• Boys develop facial hair, voice deepens, ability
  to produce semen.
• Onset of menarche was at about age 16 in 1880.
  This demonstrates the impact of environment
  (better diet, living conditions) on a genetically
  programmed event.

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Adulthood

• Not the same thing as sexual maturity
• Some cultures have rituals that mark the
  transition to adulthood
• Acceptance of socially defined responsibilities
  of adulthood.

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Aging

• Decline of physical strength, agility, other
  signs of aging begin in mid-twenties.
• Menopause (around age 50 in women) is the
  cessation of ovulation end of menstrual period.
• No comparable period for men.

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Aging and the Brain

• Brain cells are lost with age
• Neurons that remain take up the slack by
  increasing complexity.
• Alzheimers disease about 1 of people 65 years
  of age and about 20 of 80 year olds.

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Moral Development

• How do we make moral decisions?

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Stages of Moral Development
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Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development

• Swiss Psychologist (1896-1980)

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Piaget Some Concepts

• Schemata Mental models of the world the way
  we all organize the world in a meaningful way.
  Based on experience with the world.
• Assimilation fitting new information into
  existing schemata.
• Accommodation changing or modifying existing
  schemata to accommodate new experiences when they
  occur.

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Stages of Cognitive Development
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Object Permanence

• Object Permanence Objects continue to exist even
  though they are out of sight.

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Has this ever followed you home?
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Conservation

• Conservation the ability to recognize that the
  physical properties of an object remain the same,
  despite changes in physical appearance.

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Conservation of Volume
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Social and Personality Development

• What is the role of early attachments, strong
  emotional bonds to another person, on social
  development?

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Harry Harlows Studies

• Monkeys fed only by the wire-mesh mother.
• Wanted to know if monkeys would become attached
  to the mother who provided food.
• Most monkeys preferred the cloth mother, though
  they were never fed by her.
• Contact Comfort was determined to be the primary
  motivator of attachment.

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Attachment in Humans

• Developmental problems more likely among children
  raised in poorly staffed orphanages.

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Types of Attachment

• Strange Situation Test How does infant respond
  to parent in a stressful situation?
• Secure Attachment O.K. as long as mom is
  present. Uneasy clingy if stress increases.
  About 70 of infants in this group. Cries when
  mom leaves room, but calms down when she returns.

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Attachment

• About 10 of infants will show resistant
  attachment. Reaction to stress is ambiguous. Do
  they trust the parent? Do not leave mothers
  side in strange setting. Cry if mom leaves the
  room. Do not return to her when she comes back,
  but act angry or resentful.
• Avoidant Attachment describes the remaining 20.
  These kids arent bothered by the strange
  situation test. They show no reaction when
  mother leaves room or when she returns. Parent
  typically unresponsive and impatient with child.

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Personality and Identity

• Erik Erikson (1902-1994) pictured with his wife,
  Joan.

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Eriksons Stages of Personality Development
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Gender Role Development

• Foundation for gender identity evident around
  ages 2-3.
• By elementary school, gender identity is firmly
  entrenched. I am a boy and always will be.
• Gender roles specific ways that expects boys and
  girls to behave and roles they should assume.
• Nature or nurture?
• Social Learning Theory predicts that gender roles
  are the result of modeling behavior of others and
  rewards for acting in gender-appropriate ways.
• The work of John Money and sex reassignment
  surgery

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Growing Old

• Some types of intelligence increase with age, as
  does confidence to do tasks
• Health care costs a major concern. Costs may
  outpace coverage.
• Expect increase in people living to gt85

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Ageism

• Prejudice against an individual based on physical
  age.
• Negative stereotypes about the elderly (lonely,
  isolated, in mental decline, feeble) fuel
  negative consequences
• Most negative stereotypes about older people do
  not hold true for the majority of the elderly.

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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

• Psychiatrist who studied death and dying

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End-of-Life Decisions

• Survey by Cicirelli (1997) of people aged 60-100
  found
• Given a terminal illness, the majority would take
  steps to preserve life
• Religious convictions and fear of death important
  factors

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The End (of this lecture)