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Hydrosphere

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Niagra Falls. Frozen Niagra Falls. Water and Wind Gaps ... becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Hydrosphere


1
Hydrosphere
  • Water of the Earth!!

2
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3
Water Cycle
4
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5
Evaporation liquid water changes into water
vapor. (apply heat) p.1
6
Transpiration where plants give off water
vapor p.1
7
Evapotranspiration p.1
  • evaporation transpiration in one word

8
Sublimation solid straight to gas p.1
  • Solids that are introduced to high heat over a
    short period of time can skip the liquid phase.
  • Typical phase change
  • Solid ? Liquid ? Gas
  • Sublimation
  • Solid ? Gas

9

Condensation when water vapor rises into the
atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p.2
10
Condensation leads To Precipitation p.2
  • Rain, sleet, snow any form of water falling to
    earth.

11
Water Storage on Earth p.2
  • Ice Caps
  • Snow
  • Oceans
  • Lakes
  • Ground Water

12
Water Budget p.3
  • The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration,
    condensing, and precipitation gives us the
    earths water budget.
  • Usually is balanced for any given area.
  • World Water Budget is not balanced.
  • What might be some reasons why?

13
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14
Local Water Budgets
  • Rain forest
  • Desert
  • Michigan

15
Some places are losing fresh water.
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17
Water ConservationWhat Can We Do?
  • Great Lakes Water Losses
  • Be Involved vote for laws to save our Great
    Lakes.

18
Bottled Water
  • Empty your bottles before you throw them away!
  • Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That
    water is locked up forever.

19
Lower Consumption
  • Install water conserving toilets
  • Less watering of lawns
  • Shorter showers
  • Fix leaks
  • Turn off water when
  • Brushing teeth

20
Government Help
21
Human Impact
22
Quiz
23
13.2 River Systems
  • Tributaries feeder streams to river system
  • Water shed drainage basin
  • Divides elevated ground to separate water sheds
  • Gully narrow ditch
  • Runoff water that is not soaked into soil

24
Watershed
25
Mississippi River Water Shed
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27
Great Lakes
28
Stream Erosion
  • Channel path the steam follows
  • Headward erosion process of lengthening and
    branching of stream
  • Stream piracy capturing water from other water
    sheds through erosion

29
Erosion
30
Channel Erosion
  • banks edges of stream channel above water
  • Bed part of the stream below water level
  • Stream Loads materials carried by stream
    including water, soil, rocks, minerals
  • Loads
  • 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed,
    velocity)
  • 2. Bed coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and
    rolls)
  • Saltation short jumps
  • 3. Dissolved - TDS

31
Discharge and Gradient
  • Discharge volume of water moved by stream
  • Gradient steepness of its slope
  • Velocity speed of stream
  • Headwaters - beginning

32
Niagra Falls
33
Frozen Niagra Falls
34
Water and Wind Gaps
  • Water gap erosion of earth rising causes water
    to need to go uphill
  • Ex. Delaware water gap
  • Wind gap notch created where water can no
    longer pass

35
Stages of a River System
  • Youthful rivers rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped
    valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few
    tributaries, less water
  • Mature rivers well established tributaries,
    erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming,
    oxbow lake
  • Old rivers lower gradient, slower, more
    meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion,
    deposits sediments
  • Rejuvenated rivers gradient of stream becomes
    steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss.
    River, Tequm lower falls)

36
Assignment
  • Pg. 251 1-5

37
13.3 Stream Deposition
  • rocks
  • Stones
  • Pebbles
  • Gravel
  • Course sand
  • Fine sand
  • silt

38
Deltas and Alluvial Fans
  • Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into
    large body of water
  • Delta fan shaped deposit at mouth of river
  • Alluvial fan load causing flatten out after a
    step slope
  • 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet
  • 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud
  • 3. sloped whereas delta flat

39
Flood Deposits
  • Floodplain deposits of silt and sand
  • Springtime - with snowmelt v evapotranspiration
  • Ice jams
  • Natural levees deposits silt and sand

40
Flood Control
  • Indirect methods
  • 1. Forestation
  • 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff
  • Direct methods
  • 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human conception
    and recreation)
  • 2. levees
  • 3. overflood channels

41
Assignment
  • Pg. 255 1-5
  • Pg. 256-57 1-12

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