Our Civilized Catalogs and the Digital Frontier: A Story of Standards and Cooperation

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Our Civilized Catalogs and the Digital Frontier
A Story of Standards and Cooperation

• By
• Carolyn Sturtevant
• BIBCO Coordinator (cast_at_loc.gov)
• Library of Congress
• April 2006
• Ohio Library Council Tech Services Retreat

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Retreat in Mohican State Park

• The pictures show no cubicles
• Its green in April
• Birds migrate in April

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The Origin of the Name?

• Mohican River, variant of Mohegan
• Home to Adena, Delaware, Mohican peoples in the
  past
• Their own ways, their own cultural standards

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Webster Standard

• Any figure or object, esp. a flag or banner, used
  as an emblem or symbol of a leader, people,
  military unit
• Something established for use as a rule or basis
  of comparison in measuring or judging capacity,
  quantity, content, extent, value, quality, etc.

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New Flag on the Horizon

• 500 years ago, Europeans arrived in the New
  World
• Westward movement in 1700s brought them to Ohio
• French and British emissaries brought gifts to
  win cooperation

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Webster Cooperate

• To act or work together with another or others
  for a common purpose
• To combine so as to produce an effect
• To engage in economic cooperation

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Webster Frontier

• The border between two countries
• That part of a settled, civilized country which
  lies next to an unexplored or undeveloped region.
• Any new field of learning, thought, etc. that is
  still incompletely investigated

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Mixed Results

• Cooperation for competition
• French left first
• British left next
• Native Americans and new arrivals signed treaties
• New arrivals set the new cultural standards

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Webster Civilize

• To bring or come out of a primitive or savage
  condition and into a state of civilization.
• To improve in habits or manners refine

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Ohios Flag
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Ohios Library Heritage

• Two early subscription libraries
• 1796 Col. Israel Putnam first circulating
  library, _______
• 1804 Coonskin library, Athens
• 19th Century endowments lowered costs to those
  who couldnt subscribe

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Funding Helped Growth

• Library services linked with education, drawing
  public funding
• Andrew Carnegie grants supported many public
  library buildings in Ohio, about 1600 in US, from
  1900 1920
• How many Carnegie library buildings in Ohio?

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Setting a New Standard

• 1890 William Howard Brett, in __________, offered
  open shelves
• What city?
• Users could browse shelves
• Non-fiction books shelved by subject, not by
  author

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A Strong Library Tradition
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Structured Approach

• Descriptive content
• Order of content, punctuation, source of data
• Subject and subdivision content
• Arrangement on shelves
• Divided or integrated sets of cards

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Widely Distributed Tradition

• LCs catalog card service spanned about 100 years
• Many other sources delivered cards
• Users contributed to rules for content of cards

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Who sets the Standards?

• ALA, CILIP, CLA
• IFLA (IME ICC)
• JSC for AACR
• National Libraries
• NISO
• ISSN
• W3C

• MARBI
• Special formats groups Rare books, Music, Art,
  Maps, Electronic Resources
• Library partners
• Vendors

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LCs Involvement

• CPSO
• NDMSO
• CDS
• ABA Directorate

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Anglo-American Tradition
1941
1841
1876
1902
1904
1906
1908
1949
1967
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How did we get here?

• AACR2
• 1978
• 1988
• 1998
• 2002

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Consulting with Experts

• December 2003
• Update Paris Principles
• IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International
  Cataloguing Code
• (IME ICC Frankfurt draft Statement of Principles)

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RDA Resource Description and Access

• New title and approach in lieu of AACR3
• Includes digital formats, FRBR
• Draft Part 1comment period over
• Draft Parts 2 and 3coming soon
• 2007 Publication projected

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LCSH and LC Classification

• Library of Congress Subject Headings
• Free-Floating Subdivisions
• LC Classification allows shelving by topic
• LC CPSO maintains both
• Too labor-intensive?

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Are Newer Options Better?

• Keyword searching
• Shelving by size
• Level of specificity
• Coverage of languages
• NCSUs new catalog with Endeca is enhanced by
  LCSH and LCC
• http//www.lib.ncsu.edu/

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OPACs Replace Card Catalogs

• Content, complexity increase
• Different systems need common display format
  MARC
• MARC and OPACs focus on serving library
  collections

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MARC Machine Readable Characters

• A resource description format
• Developed at LC, maintained by NDMSO
• Cottage industry to input records from LC card
  catalog
• Harmonization to MARC 21
• MARBI governs expansion of fields, codes,
  definitions

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Sharing New Formats

• Communication Standards
• MARC
• UNIMARC
• MARC 21
• MODS/MADS
• XML dtds
• Next generation?

• Metadata Standards
• Dublin Core
• MPEG 7
• VRA
• EAD
• ISBD (also a content standard)

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Digital Library Standards

• METS (Metadata Encoding Transmission Standard)
• MIX (NISO Metadata for Images in XML)
• PREMIS (Preservation Metadata)

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Applying the Standards Cooperative Cataloging

• Not just for local catalogs
• Email, Internet, Websites enable cooperation
• Pooling resources and expertise yields benefits
  for all

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History of LC Cooperative Efforts

• 1901 Distribution of printed LC catalog cards
• 1908 Union catalog
• 1926 Project B to expand the Union Catalog
  (Rockefeller funds)
• 1930s ALA Cooperative Cataloging Committee
  office at the Library of Congress
• 1934 Cooperative Cataloging and
  Classification Service (LC division, ALA
  auspices through June 1940)
• 1940 Cooperative Cataloging Section,
  Descriptive Cataloging Division, LC
• 1948 National Union Catalog (NUC)

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History of the Library of Congress Cooperative
Efforts

• 1973 Cooperative on-line serials project
  (CONSER) with OCLC
• 1977 Name authority cooperative (NACO)
• 1983 Cooperative Subject cataloging Project
  (SACO)
• 1988- National Cooperative Cataloging
• 1992 Program (NCCP)
• 1992 Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC)
• 1995 Monographic bibliographic record
  cooperative (BIBCO)

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• www.loc.gov/catdir/pcc

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PCC Program Components
NACO

• NACO-Name authority component
• SACO-Subject authority component
• BIBCO-Monographic record component
• CONSER-Serial record component

CONSER
BIBCO
SACO
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NACO Program Background

• Purpose
• Propose name authority records for
• Personal names
• Corporate names
• Conference names
• Jurisdiction names
• Uniform titles (including series)

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NACO Program Background

• Began in 1976
• Joint project
• Library of Congress
• U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO)
• Goal
• Common authority file
• Reduce the cost of authority work

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NACO Program Background

• Today
• Over 450 libraries worldwide
• Large and small institutions
• NACO funnel projects
• 68 international partners

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NACO Program Background

• At start mailed records on worksheets
• Now FTP (file transfer protocol)
• Daily distribution by LC of all new and changed
  records to
• OCLC
• RLG
• British Library
• CDS customers

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NACO Program Membership Requirements

• 100 records per year - small libraries (special
  libraries/state libraries)
• 200 a year - large libraries (research
  libraries/ academic/libraries)
• Ability to exchange records via FTP(usually
  through membership in OCLC or RLG)

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PCC Funnel Projects

Members
Funnel
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How does a Funnel project work?
FTP of records
LC
Bibliographic utility
Funnel Project
Information/communication
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NACO Funnel Projects

• Alaska
• Arabic
• Art
• ATLA
• CALICO S. Africa
• Canada
• Caribbean
• Connecticut
• Dalnet

• Dance Heritage
• GAELIC
• S. Africa
• Hebraica
• Idaho
• Law/OCLC
• Law/RLIN
• Medical
• Minnesota
• Mississippi

• Montana
• Mountain West
• NACO-Mexico
• NACO Music
• North Dakota
• Ohio
• OLAC
• South Dakota
• Tennessee
• Vermont
• Virginia

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SACO Funnel Projects

• African American Subject Funnel
• Africana Subject Project
• Hawaii/Pacific Subject Project
• Judaica Subject Project
• Virginia Subject Project

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Example of a Funnel and Its Members South Africa

• CALICO South Africa Funnel
• Cape Technikon
• Peninsula Technikon
• University of Cape Town
• University of Stellenbosch
• University of the Western Cape

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NACO Program Benefits

• Shared costs of authority work
• Reduced duplication of effort
• Improved timeliness
• Expanded coverage of the
• LC/NACO Authority File

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NACO Program Benefits to Members

• Training and documentation
• Representation on PCC Policy Committee

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NACO Program Statistics

• LC/NAF over 5,000,000 records
• FY 1996 reached one million records contributed
  by NACO partners
• FY 2004 reached over 2 million records
  contributed by PCC partners

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NACO Program Statistics FY2005

• Name Authority Records
• New 162,099
• Changed 37,601
• Total to date from contributing partners
  2,322,225
• Series Authority Records
• New 9,889
• Changed 2,374
• Total to date from contributing partners 118,001

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NACO Relationship with SACO, the Subject
Component of the PCC

• All NACO members are automatically members of
  SACO
• FY 2004 SACO-only members must apply to become
  members

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• Propose subject headings for Library of Congress
  Subject Headings (LCSH)
• Propose classification numbers for Library of
  Congress Classification schedules (LCC)
• Membership requirement
• Contribute at least 12 proposals a year

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Click SACO on PCC Website

• Submitting proposals
• Detailed guidelines
• PCC Web site online forms
• for new headings
• for proposing changes to existing headings

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SACO Contributions FY2005
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• Training
• Participants attend subject cataloging workshops
  offered by the Library of Congress
• At library-related meetings and conferences
• As part of the PCC activities or meetings
• Basic subject cataloging using LCSH 2-day
  workshop
• For more information see

http//www.loc.gov/catworkshop/cct/index.html
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BIBCO Standards

• Bibliographic records are contributed to
  utilities as copy
• 042 pcc
• Some materials need full level
• Some materials can use core level as a floor with
  any additions

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Core Standards for

• Books
• Cartographic matls
• Collections
• CONSER
• Electronic Resources
• Graphic matls

• Moving Image Matls
• Printed/Manuscript Music
• Rare Books
• Sound Recordings
• Multiple Character Sets

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CONSER Standards

• Bibliographic records for serials contributed to
  OCLC
• Integrating Resources cross the line between
  monographs and serials
• CONSER Core standard
• SCCTP training courses

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Ohio PCC Partners

• Chemical Abstracts
• Cincinnati Medical Library
• Cleveland Public Library
• Oberlin College
• Ohio State U
• Bowling Green State U
• Case Western Reserve U

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Ohio PCC Partners, 2

• OCLC
• OCLC Tech Processing Dept.
• PL of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
• State Library of Ohio
• Cleveland Museum of Art
• Bowling Green State U Music Library
• Cleveland PL Music Library

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Ohio PCC Partners, 3

• Dayton/Montgomery Co PL, Music Coll.
• Kent State U, and Music Library
• Miami U Music Library
• Oberlin Conservatory of Music
• OCLC Tech Pro Music Unit
• U of Akron, and Music, AV Units

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Ohio PCC Partners, 4

• U of Cincinnati Music Library
• Denison U, and AV Unit
• Hudson Lib Historical Society
• Lorain PL
• Ohio NACO Cooperative at Cleveland PL
• Cuyahoga County PL

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International Partners in PCC

• 68 international partners and 4 NACO funnel
  projects
• 20 countries
• Strong in NACO, SACO,
• CONSER
• About 20 of Name Authorities
• from international partners

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LC Support of PCC Programs

• PCC Secretariat
• Cooperative Cataloging Team, Regional and
  Cooperative Cataloging Division
• Cataloging Policy and Support Office
• Documentation
• Expert counsel
• Training
• Database maintenance
• Cataloging rule development and harmonization

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PCC Support of Standards

• Training, review, independence
• Documentation, web sites, announcements,
  discussion lists
• Representatives on PCC Steering Committee, Policy
  Committee
• Standing Committees on Automation, Standards, and
  Training

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Other Models for Cooperation

• IFLA Universal Bibliographic Control
• Each country responsible for the bibliographic
  and authority records for its own publications
• Those records would be used by everyone worldwide
• this concept is changing
• Now recognize user comes first need to meet
  language/script needs

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Future Directions?

• Streamlined record creation
• Automated generation of metadata
• Info retrieval beyond libraries, catalogs

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Library of Congress

• Washington, D.C. plus 6 overseas offices
• Approx. 4,300 staff
• 116,000,000 items
• Catalog nearly 300,000 titles each year
• Cataloging operations involve approx. 500 people

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Strength in Cooperation

• Shared efforts and expertise lend strength to the
  work
• Changes in the community bring uncertainty.
• Can we transform?

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Shifting Frontiers

• Does any group hold territorial rights forever?

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A Notable Mohegan Elder

• Washington Post obit, Nov. 4, 2005
• Gladys Tantaquidgeon, age 106
• Mohegans regained official tribal status in 1994,
  helped by her documents
• Ran a family museum 1947-1997
• Librarian at Connecticut womens prison, teaching
  Native American crafts

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An Example to Follow?

• She recognized the value of the Mohegan past
• She found ways to preserve it and promote her
  heritage

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Questions?