Building of American States Theme: How and why the US, Canada, and Latin America developed differently

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Building of American StatesTheme How and why
the US, Canada, and Latin America developed
differently

• Lesson 10

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Three Different Experiences

• America
• Manifest Destiny, Growth, and Dominance
• Canada
• Evolution, Prosperity, and Independence
• Latin America
• Fragmentation, Conflict, and Dependence

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Louisiana Purchase

• In 1803, Napoleon needed funds immediately to
  protect revolutionary France from its enemies so
  he sold the US Frances Louisiana Territory which
  extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky
  Mountains for 15 million
• With the Louisiana Purchase, the US doubled in
  size

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Lewis and Clark

• Between 1804 and 1806, a geographical expedition
  led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark mapped
  the territory and surveyed its resources
• Undaunted Courage by Stephen Ambrose

Lewis and Clark's outbound route shown in red,
inbound in blue
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Manifest Destiny

• Settlers began flocking west in search of cheap
  land
• (It is) ...our manifest destiny to over spread
  and to possess the whole of the continent which
  Providence has given us for the development of
  the great experiment of liberty.
• John OSullivan, editor of the The Morning
  Post, 1845

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Indian Removal

• Westward expansion caused conflicts with Native
  Americans
• The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was designed to
  move all Indians west of the Mississippi River
  into Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
• The Cherokees called their 800-mile migration the
  Trail of Tears

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Indian Removal in Mississippi

• The Choctaw were Mississippis largest tribe and
  the first southeastern Indians to accept removal
• Began migrating in the 1830s
• There were an estimated 19,554 Choctaw before
  removal
• 12,500 moved to Indian Territory
• 2,500 died along the way
• 5,000 to 6,000 remained in Mississippi
• (Stahl, The Ones That Got Away, A Choctaw Trail
  Of Tears, 7.)

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Plains Indians

• After the 1840s, the conflict between settlers
  and Indians shifted to the plains region west of
  the Mississippi
• After the Civil War, William Sherman assumed
  command of the Missouri district, which stretched
  from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi.
• He declared all Indians not on reservations are
  hostile and will remain so until killed off
• The last significant battle took place at Wounded
  Knee, South Dakota in 1890

Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry crossing
the Gila River, Arizona Territory, ca. 1878
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Mexican War

• Causes
• US foreign policy of expansion (Manifest Destiny)
  soon put it in conflict with Mexico
• In 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico
  and in 1845 the US annexed Texas in spite of
  Mexicos never relinquishing its claim

Depiction of Davy Crockett at the Alamo by Mark
Churms
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

• Not an overly popular war, especially in the
  northeast
• US won and paid Mexico 15 million for Texas
  north of the Rio Grande, California, and New
  Mexico

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Civil War Commonly Cited Causes

• Slavery
• States rights versus centralized government
• Agrarian versus industrialized way of life
• Cultural differences

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Road to the Civil War

• Missouri Compromise (1820) -Maine admitted as a
  free state and Missouri as a slave, but no other
  slave states from the Louisiana Purchase
  territory would be allowed north of Missouris
  southern boundary
• Nullification Crisis (1832) -- Responding to a
  high tariff on imported manufactured goods, South
  Carolina declared a state can void any act of
  Congress it feels is unconstitutional

John Calhoun, champion of the nullification
doctrine
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Road to the Civil War (cont)

• Mexican War (1846-1848) -- viewed by some as a
  Southern attempt to expand slavery
• Wilmot Proviso (1846) fails
• (Would have formally renounced any intention to
  introduce slavery into lands seized from Mexico)
• Compromise of 1850 -- California admitted as a
  free state slavery in New Mexico and Utah
  territories to be determined by popular
  sovereignty slave trade prohibited in the
  District of Columbia a more stringent fugitive
  slave law

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Road to the Civil War (cont)

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) -- popular
  sovereignty specifically repeals the Missouri
  Compromise
• Harpers Ferry and John Brown (1859)
• Lincoln elected (Nov 6, 1860)
• South Carolina votes to secede (Dec 20, 1860)
• Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia,
  Florida, and Texas follow
• Lincoln takes office (March 4, 1861)
• Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
• Lincoln requests 75,000 three-month volunteers
  (April 15, 1862)
• Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee
  secede

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Objectives

• North
• Restore Union
• Therefore couldnt completely alienate or destroy
  the South or the Southern people

• South
• Hold on to de facto independence
• Continue the struggle long enough for the North
  to tire of it
• Similar to American colonists

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Emancipation Proclamation (Remember from Lesson 5)

• Issued by President Lincoln after the Federal
  victory at Antietam
• That on the first day of January, in the year of
  our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
  sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within
  any State or designated part of a State, the
  people whereof shall then be in rebellion against
  the United States, shall be then, thenceforward,
  and forever free
• The fact that France and Britain had already
  ended slavery makes foreign intervention on
  behalf of the Confederacy nearly impossible

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End of the Civil War

• On Apr 9, 1865, Lee surrendered
• Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery
• Reconstruction lasts until 1877
• The US would continue as a politically united
  nation with strengthened federal authority

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Railroads

• A major component of Americas westward expansion
  was railroads
• In 1862, Congress authorized a transcontinental
  railroad and on May 10, 1869 the Union Pacific
  tracks joined those of the Central Pacific
  Railroad at Promontory, Utah

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Railroads

• Before the Civil War, the US had about 31,000
  miles of railroad lines and most were short
  routes east of the Mississippi River
• By 1900, there were more than 200,000 miles of
  track and a rail network from coast to coast
• Railroads linked all US regions and created an
  integrated national economy

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Immigrants

• Many immigrants came to America after the
  mid-19th Century
• Most did heavy labor at low wages, such as
  working on the railroad
• Many came to look for gold in California

During construction of the transcontinental
railroad, the Central Pacific employed 12,000
Chinese, 90 of the entire work force
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Canada

• Canada was originally settled by both French and
  British trappers and settlers and was known as
  New France
• When Britain won the Seven Years War
  (1756-1763), Canada became part of the British
  Empire
• Still, until the late 18th Century, French
  Canadians outnumbered British ones
• Consequently imperial officials made large
  concessions to their subjects of French descent
  to forestall trouble

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Canada

• British Canadians tended to live in Ontario,
  follow British law, and be Protestant
• French Canadians tended to live in Quebec, follow
  French civil law, and be Catholic
• The War of 1812 helped foster a spirit of unity
  against an external threat
• The Americans made several attempts to invade
  Canada in order to pressure the British, but were
  always unsuccessful

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Canada

• Westward expansion of the US and the American
  Civil War further helped to stifle internal
  conflicts in Canada
• Along the way, Canada was becoming increasingly
  independent from Britain by evolution, rather
  than revolution
• In 1867, Britain granted the Dominion of Canada
  independence and control over all internal
  affairs
• Britain retained control over Canadas external
  affairs until 1931

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Canadian Prosperity and Independence

• The National Policy was Canadas program of
  economic development designed to attract
  migrants, protect nascent industries through
  tariffs, and build national transportation
  networks
• Using large amounts of British capital, Canada
  completed the transcontinental Canadian Pacific
  Railroad in 1885

Indian Head station on the Canadian Pacific
Railroad
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Canadian Prosperity and Independence

• Throughout the 19th Century, British investment
  outstripped US investment in Canada
• In the early 20th Century, the US became
  increasingly active in the Canadian economy
• By 1918, the US owned 30 of all Canadian
  industry
• Ontario benefited greatly from spillover from the
  American economy
• Today, the US and Canada have interdependent
  economies
• Canada has been able to benefit from foreign
  investment, not become dependent on it, because
  of Canadas ability to control and direct its own
  economic affairs

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Latin America Simon Bolivar(Where we left off
in Lesson 5)

• Inspired by George Washington and Enlightenment
  ideas, Bolivar took up arms against Spanish rule
  in 1811
• Freed slaves who joined his forces
• Provided constitutional guarantees of free status
  for all residents of Gran Columbia (Venezuela,
  Columbia, and Ecuador)

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Simon Bolivar

• But Bolivar had once admitted that I fear peace
  more than war.
• In fact, after defeating Spain, Latin America was
  unable to sustain solidarity
• Bolivars Gran Columbia dissolved into its three
  constituent parts (Venezuela, Columbia, and
  Ecuador) and the rest of Latin America fragmented
  into numerous independent states

Gran Colombia
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Political Instability

• One of the reasons Latin America fragmented is
  that Latin American leaders had little experience
  with self-government
• Portuguese and Spanish colonial regimes were far
  more autocratic than their British counterparts
  in North America
• The new leaders in Latin America were
  enthusiastic about Enlightenment principles they
  just didnt know how to put them into practice

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Indigenous Peoples

• As in North America, governments in Latin America
  who sought agricultural land came into conflict
  with indigenous peoples
• Argentina and Chile were especially
  confrontational
• By the 1870s, colonists had secured the most
  productive lands and forced the indigenous people
  to assimilate to Euro-American society or retreat
  to undesirable lands

Julio Argentino Roca led the conquest of
indigenous people in Argentina
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Caudillos

• The general division and discord in Latin America
  facilitated the rise of caudillos, regional
  military leaders
• The long wars of independence had left Latin
  America with military rather than civilian heroes
• After independence, military leaders took center
  stage
• Caudillos restored order, but did so through
  violence and terror

Argentinean caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Selected 20th Century Coups in Latin America

• As a result of this history, Latin America has a
  history of coup detats
• 1943 Argentina
• 1954 Paraguay and Guatemala
• 1963 Ecuador
• 1964 Brazil
• 1970 Bolivia
• 1973 Chile and Uruguay
• 1976 Ecuador

Hugo Chavez survived an unsuccessful coup in
Venezuela in 2002
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Mexican Reform

• After defeat in the Mexican War, a liberal reform
  movement tried to reshape Mexico
• President Benito Juarez began to limit the power
  of the military and the Roman Catholic Church in
  Mexico and sought to endow Mexicans with the
  means of making a living and enable them to
  participate in political affairs

Benito Juarez, leader of La Reforma and President
of Mexico from 1858-1872
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The Constitution of 1857

• Curtailed the prerogatives of priests and
  military elites
• Guaranteed universal male suffrage and other
  civil liberties like freedom of speech
• Allowed the confiscation of church properties,
  which accounted for almost half of all the
  productive land in Mexico
• Intent was to redistribute land broadly,
  especially to indigenous people
• Instead, speculators and large landowners bought
  up most of the land

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Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)

• La Reforma challenged the fundamentalism of
  Mexican elites and a civil war broke out in 1911
• Peasants, workers, and middle class Mexicans
  fought to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz
• The revolt became increasingly radical and
  devolved into guerrilla war

Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) was Juarezs political
rival
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Mexican Revolution

• Charismatic rebels such as Emiliano Zapata and
  Pancho Villa organized massive armies to fight
  against the government
• Villa attacked and killed US citizens as a result
  of Americas support for the Mexican government

General John Pershing led an unsuccessful
American expedition to capture Villa. Pershing
telegraphed Washington, Villa is everywhere, but
Villa is nowhere.
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Mexican Revolution

• In the end, government forces regained control,
  ambushing and killing Zapata in 1919
• Villa was assassinated in 1923
• Even though defeated, many of the revolutions
  goals such as land redistribution were included
  in the Mexican Constitution of 1917

Revolutionary troops
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Latin American Dependence

• Latin America in the 19th Century was plagued by
  division, rebellion, caudillo rule, civil war,
  instability, and conflict
• Add that to colonial legacies that lacked
  economic development and local industry in Latin
  America and the pattern was set for foreign
  dependence
• Because its economy required foreign investment
  to survive, Latin America became subject to
  decisions made in the interests of foreign
  investors
• Latin American governments were controlled by the
  elites who profited from foreign involvement at
  the expense of the citizenry, so the governments
  actually encouraged Latin Americas economic
  dependence

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Case Study United Fruit Company

• From 1899 to 1970, UFCO was prominent in the
  trade of bananas and other fruit from Latin
  America to Europe and the US
• An archetypal example of multinational influence
  extending deeply into the internal politics
• Banana republics and neocolonialism

The Peten, one of many ships in UFCOs Great
White Fleet
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Case Study United Fruit Company

• In addition to owning vast tracts of land, the
  UFCO dominated regional transportation networks
  and owned a major railroad corporation
• In 1913, UFCO extended its reach by creating the
  Tropical Radio and Telegraph Company
• By the end of the decade there would be virtually
  no aspect of the economic infrastructure of Latin
  American banana production untouched by the UFCO

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Case Study United Fruit Company

• One of the company's primary tactics for
  maintaining market dominance was to control the
  distribution of banana lands.
• UFCO claimed that hurricanes, blight and other
  natural threats required them to hold extra land
  or reserve land.
• In practice that meant UFCO was able to prevent
  the government from distributing banana lands to
  peasants who wanted a share of the banana trade.
• For UFCO to maintain its unequal land holdings,
  it had to have government concessions.
• This in turn meant that UFCO had to be
  politically involved in the region even though it
  was an American company.

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Case Study United Fruit Company

• When Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
  tried to seize thousands of acres of uncultivated
  land owned by the UFCO in 1953, President
  Eisenhower empowered the CIA to engineer the
  overthrow of Arbenzs government
• A US-supported coup toppled Arbenzs government
  in 1954 and returned the land to the UFCO

Castillo Armas established a military government
after the ouster of the democratically elected
Arbenz, who the US feared had communist leanings
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Review

• So, compare and contrast the development of the
  American states of Canada, the US, and Latin
  America.
• How does their past account for where they are
  now?

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Review

• America
• Manifest Destiny, Growth, and Dominance
• Canada
• Evolution, Prosperity, and Independence
• Latin America
• Fragmentation, Conflict, and Dependence

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Next

• Map Quiz
• China and Japan

The Forbidden Citys Gate of Supreme Harmony