International Migration

1
International Migration
Chapter 15 of RW
Link to syllabus
Link to WDI
Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient
2
Theory Review

• Migration because of differences in wages
  (incomes), will raise wages in the sending
  country, lower them in receiving country. Total
  output will rise in receiving country, fall in
  source country.
• Modifications
• Many people intend to migrate for a brief
  period, then return home
• People migrate for non-economic motives
  refugees
• Oftentimes, those who migrate have above
  average skills, youth, ..
• Migrants send money home (remittances), helping
  source country
• Migrants may be a drain on receiving countries,
  needing social services
• There are many assertions of extra social
  effects migrants help their source country when
  they return with new skills. Migrants help their
  receiving country by inserting new energy (at low
  prices!)

3
Overview
4
Countries with Largest Immigrant Stock
Source?
5
Cities ranked by foreign-born
Dubai Muscat Mecca Tel Aviv Medina Riyadh Jerusale
m Some omissions
Source Benton-Short et al. Globalization from
Below The Ranking of Global Immigrant Cities,
Intl Journal of Urban and Regional Research Dec.
2005
6
Countries with highest percentage of immigrants,
in total population
7
Table 15.3 p. 404 Foreigners as a Percentage of
the Labor Force, 1985-2003
8
Table 15.2 p. 398 (RW). Remittance Flows to
Selected MENA
9
Importance of Migrant Remittances MENA and
Others. Late 1990s
Source World Bank (2003), Trade, Investment and
Development in MENA p. 87
10
Remittances into Egypt, by Region. 2003
Source Yousef (2005) The Changing Role of Labor
Migration in Arab Economic Integration
11
Remittances/GDP
WDI data
12
Into Europe
13
Workers in Europe from Maghreb Countries and
Turkey, 1962-99
Source mt Table 21a
14
Stock of Foreign Population by Nationality, as
Percentage of Total Foreign Population-Selected EU
Source World Bank Trade Investment and
Development in MENA Figure 2.9
15
On Illegal Immigrants in France. April 20, 2004
NYT
Ms. Alouache said her asylum request was refused
last year and is pending appeal. She is angry
that she still has no papers, but she said she
was not about to go back to Algiers. Here, her
son, Mohamed, 4, attends a public nursery school,
and her family gets 100 euros a month, as well as
food, clothing, housing and free medical care
from the state. Until the fire, she spent her
days in city parks with friends, waiting for her
son to get out of school while her husband, 42,
played soccer and acted as an informal coach for
boys. She and her husband are not allowed to
work, but many illegal immigrants do. Like most
European countries, France rarely resorts to
deportation, so people like Ms. Alouache hang on,
often for years. SAMU Social handles about 3,000
such people in Paris, half of them children, Mr.
Emmanuelli said. Through these agencies, he said,
the state feeds, houses and clothes 9,000 to
10,000 immigrants lacking papers in Paris
alone. "It's difficult to deport as soon as these
people have kids in school," Mr. Emmanuelli
said. So far, France has offered residency only
to illegal immigrants case by case, but offers of
residency to large numbers by Italy and Spain
have increased pressure on other European
countries to do the same. "I think we will reach
that point in France," Mr. Emmanuelli said.
16
Foreign Workers in the Gulf
17
Table 15.1 p. 393 Foreign Workers in the Gulf,
2002
18
Table 15.3 Foreigners as a Percentage of the
Labor Force, 1985-2003
19
Migration Foreigners as of Labor Force GCC
Source Winckler (2004) Arab Political Demography
20
Labor Force Growth in GCC p. 59
Source World Bank (2004) Unlocking the
Employment Potential in the MENA page 59
21
Non-Nationals as a Share in Total Labor Force in
GCC
Source World Bank (2004) Unlocking the
Employment Potential in the MENA page 59
22
Foreigners--Arabs and non-Arabs--in the GCC
Source mt Table 20c, after Kapiszewski (2001)
Nationals and Expatriates
23
Arab Labor Exporters to GCC (thousands and )
Source mt Table 20a
24
Replacement of Expatriate Workers by Nationals in
GCC p. 162
Source World Bank (2004) Unlocking the
Employment Potential in the MENA page 162
25
Distribution of the Labor Force in Kuwait, by
Origin p. 173
Source World Bank (2004) Unlocking the
Employment Potential in the MENA page 173
26
Saudi Arabia Private Sector Employment
In addition, there were some 900,000 govt
employess, and 200,000 armed forces
Source Saudi Governments web-site
27
Jordanian/Palestinians in GCC, 1965-97
Source?
28
Lebanon and Migration
Lebanons current population is about 4 million.
There has not been a credible national
population census since the early 1930s. The
(predominantly refugee) outmigration from Lebanon
during the civil war (1975-1990) has been
estimated at 600,000. In addition, there are
estimates of outmigration after 1990 of the
order of one million. At the same time, one can
find estimates of Syrians living in Lebanon,
of up to one million. In addition, there are
50,000? maids in Lebanon from east Asia,
Ethiopia, etc.
29
Iraqi Refugees
Populations, (millions) Iraq 25 Syria
20 Jordan 5 Lebanon 3.5 Iraqi war deaths
estimates range from 80,000-600,000
Source NYT December 12, 2006
30
Workers in Israel, West Bank and Gaza
31
Labor in West Bank and Gaza, and in Israel
1970-2002
Source mt Table 20d, OP p. 265, and PCBS
32
Palestinian Labor (1,000s)
Israeli data workers from WBG fell from 27 to
4, 1996-2001
Source PCBS Web site
33
PCBS Data on Labor Force Participation Levels,
2003
(People not in the labor force)
34
PCBS-Labor
35
PCBS Unemployment Data. (2003)
Source is PCBS web site.
36
PCBS Employment (Sept., 2003 Survey)
 
Note (-) means there are no enough observations
in this secti
37
Link to Current Palestinian Labor Force Data
(PCBS web site not currently functioning)
38
Distribution of Arabs of Palestinian Birth or
Descent
 
Source article by J. Abu-Lughod in Cambridge
Survey of World Migration
39
A Profile of the Palestinians, 1991
Source P. 415 of the Cambridge Survey of World
Migration
40
Immigration into the US
41
Immigrants into US, 1901-2002
Homeland Security estimated there are 7 million
unauthorized immigrants in 2000, almost all from
Latin America. Source US Census data, reported
in Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 2004
42
US Immigrants by Class of Admission, 1990-2002
(000s)
Source Stat.Abs of US
43
U.S. Immigrants Admitted by Country of Birth
(000s)
Source Stat. Abs. 2004
44
Median Incomes for US and metro Detroit
45
From the UM Detroit Arab-American Study
http//www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004
/Jul04/r072904
46
Gallup on Racial Breakdown of religious groups in
US
Souce Gallup (2009) American Muslim Report
47
Ehrenberg Graph

• Vertical intercept has been declining over time
• Recent immigrant discount is increasing
• Data suggest an ultimate plateau of 90 of
  native income

Lubotsky article published in JPE October, 2007
48
Ratio of Wages of Recent Immigrants to National
Average, 1980 and 2000.
Arabs, other MENA, India China doing better
Mexico doing worse
Source Census data from IPUMS
49
Model of Immigrants Income
10
Income of immigrant Minus Income of Similarly
aged and educated native born (percent)

Years in the US
Overall Average difference
0
0 10 20
30
-10
-20
-30
50
Regressions estimated with variables of
Regression 3. Other coefficients not reported
51
Regresssion Detroit DAAS Data, Including Religion
52
(No Transcript)
53
Labor Importers the GCC
Source mt Table 20b
54
Workers Remittances as of GDP Egypt and
Morocco
Source World Bank Trade Investment and
Development in MENA Figure 2.12
55
Immigrants in Europe from Maghreb countries and
Turkey, 1921-1999. (Data in thousands, and )
Source mt Table 21b