Title: Learning
1Learning
2Learning Preview
- Learning refers to a relatively durable change in
behavior knowledge or attitude that is due to
experience - Three kinds of learning
- Classical conditioning (association between two
stimuli) - Operant conditioning (association between
behavior and consequences) - Cognitive learning
3Learning Classical Conditioning
- Conditioning involves learning associations
between events that occur in an organisms
environment - Classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov
- conducted experiments with dogs
- Pavlov rang a bell before putting food in a dogs
mouth. - after numerous trials of pairing the food and
bell the dog salivated to the sound of the bell - This becomes a conditioned reflex
- The Components of Classical Conditioning
4Learning Classical Conditioning
Pavlovs Classic Experiment. Before the
experiment the sound yielded no response from the
dog. Tasting the food (US) made the dog salivate
(UR). During the experiment Pavlov paired the
sound with the food (US) to prompt the dog to
salivate (UR). After many repetitions the sound
(CS alone) prompted salivation (CR).
5Learning Classical Conditioning
- The Components of Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus (US) food
- Unconditioned response (UR) salivation
- Conditioned stimulus (learned) (CS) bell
- Conditioned response (CR) salivation
6Learning Classical Conditioning
- Other conditioning concepts
- Generalization
- tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the
original conditioned stimulus to elicit a
response that is similar to the conditioned
response - Discrimination
- occurs during classical conditioning when an
organism learns to make a particular response to
some stimuli but not to others - Extinction
- refers to a procedure in which a conditioned
stimulus is repeatedly presented without the
unconditioned stimulus and as a result the
conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit
the conditioned response - Spontaneous recovery
- tendency for the conditioned response to reappear
after being extinguished even though there have
been no further conditioning trials
7Learning Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning in everyday life
- Conditioned fear and anxiety
- Phobias traced back to experiences involving
classical conditioning - Everyday anxiety responses may also be products
of classical conditioning - Dentists drill example
- Other conditioned responses
- Cue reactivity in drug use
- Environmental cues associated with drug use
elicit cravings - TV advertising
8Learning Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- refers to a kind of learning in which the
consequences that follow some behavior increase
or decrease the likelihood of that behaviors
occurrence in the future - E. L. Thorndike
- experimented with cats in the puzzle box
- Law of Effect
- says that if some random actions are followed by
pleasurable consequences or reward such actions
are strengthened and will likely occur in the
future
9Learning Operant Conditioning
- Skinner
- Causes of behavior are in the environment
- No mental events influencing behavior
- No such thing as free willbehavior is shaped and
controlled by those around us - How does this happen
- Operant conditioning
- Conditioning of voluntary responses
- focuses on how consequences (reinforcements or
punishments) affect behaviors (decrease or
increase) - Shaping
- Gradually mold behavior or response by
reinforcing behaviors or responses that gradually
get closer to desired behavior.
10Learning Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement
- A consequence that increases or strengthens a
behavior - Positive
- Reward or pleasant consequence of behavior that
increases probability of future similar behavior - Examples
- Negative
- Behavior is reinforced by the termination or
avoidance of a unpleasant stimulus or condition - Examples
11Learning Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement cont
- Primary Reinforcers
- Secondary Reinforcers
12Learning Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement cont
- Schedules of Reinforcement
- Systematic program for administering
reinforcements resulting in predictable effect on
behavior - Types
- Fixed-ratio
- Variable-ratio
- Fixed-interval
- Variable-interval
- Punishment
13Learning Operant Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning Overview
- Increasing a response
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Decreasing a response
- Punishment
14Learning Cognitive Learning
- Important contributions
- Kohler (1887-1967)
- Insight
- Tolman (1886-1959)
- Latent learning
- Bandura (1986)
- Observational learning
15Learning Overview
- Learning refers to a relatively durable change in
behavior knowledge or attitude that is due to
experience - Three kinds of learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Cognitive learning