Models of Communication: communicative competence monocultural

1
Models of Communication communicative competence
(monocultural) the training of communicative
skills

• Seminar The training of cross-cultural
  competence and skills
• Lecturer Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke
• Speaker Antje Stillahn
• Date 6 November 2001

2
Contents

• 1. Models of Communication
• What is communication?
• What is communicative competence?
• 2. The Training of Communicative Skills
• (based on Schulz von Thuns model)
• 3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication
• (discussion)

3
1. Models of Communication

• What is communication?
• What is communicative competence?

4
A Definition

• communication Lat. communicatio the action
  of imparting
• In its broadest sense, this term refers to every
  kind of mutual transmission of information using
  signs or symbols between living beings (humans,
  animals), between people and data-processing
  machines. ...
• (Bussmann 199683)

5
A Definition (continued)

• In its narrower, linguistic sense,
  communication is the understanding which occurs
  between humans through linguistic and
  non-linguistic means like gestures, mimicry and
  voice ( non-verbal communication). The basic
  components of communication are shown in
  communication models. ...
• (Bussmann 199683)

6
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

7
Aristotles Rhetoric

• Three elements of communication
• the speaker
• the speech
• the audience

(http//www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/i
ntroductory/aristotle.html)
8
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

9
De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit (1916)
Phonation
Audition
ci
ci
c concepti image acoustique (acoustic
image)
Phonation
Audition
(http//www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6
-1frame.html)
10
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

11
The Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)
received signal
message
message
signal
information source
transmitter
receiver
destination
channel
noise source
(http//www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/i
ntroductory/sw.html)
12
The Shannon-Weaver Model Criticism

• the conduit metaphor (Reddy 1979)
• linearity
• content and meaning
• instrumentalism
• context
• relationships and purposes
• time
• medium

(cf. http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.htm
l)
13
The Shannon-Weaver Model Extension
information source
transmitter
receiver
destination
channel
noise source
feedback
(cf. http//www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/csht
ml/introductory/sw.html)
14
The Shannon-Weaver Model Extension by Moles
(1963)
information source
transmitter
receiver
destination
channel
noise source
code 1
code 2
(http//www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html7text/6
-2frame.html)
15
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

16
Gerbners General Model (1956)
PERCEPTUAL DIMENSION
M
SelectionContextAvailability
EEvent
E1
Source
ChannelsMediaControl
MEANS AND CONTROL DIMENSION
Destination
M2
SForm
ECon-tent
SE1
(cf. Gerbner 1956, in Corner Hawthorn (eds.)
198918)
17
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

18
Bühlers Organon Model (1934)
Objects and States of Affairs
Representation
Expression
S
Receiver
Sender
Appeal
(http//www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text6.
html)
19
Jakobsons Model of Communicative Functions
(1960)

• Type Oriented Function Example
  towards
• emotive addresser expressing Its bloody
  feelings or pissing
  down attitudes again!
• referential context imparting Its
  raining. information
• conative addressee influencing Wait here
  till it behaviour stops
  raining!

(cf. http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.htm
l)
20
Jakobsons Model of Communicative Functions
(1960)

• Type Oriented Function Example
  towards
• phatic contact establishing or Nasty
  weather maintaining again,
  isnt it? social relationships
  
• metalingual code referring to the This is
  the nature of the weather
  interaction forecast.
• poetic message foregrounding It droppeth
  as textual features the gentle
  rain from heaven.

(http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.html)
21
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

22
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967)
Pragmatics of Human Communication

• One cannot not communicate. (Watzlawick and
  others 196751)
• Every communication has a content and a
  relationship aspect such that the latter
  classifies the former and is therefore a
  metacommunication.(Watzlawick and others 196754)

23
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) Content
and Relationship Levels
Is that a realdiamond
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987256)
24
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) Content
and Relationship Levels
Hi
CONTENT
(cf. Birkenbihl 198725/)
25
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) Content
and Relationship Levels
Its nice to see Mary...
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987258)
26
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) Content
and Relationship Levels
analytical thinking, words
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain emotions
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987258)
27
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) Content
and Relationship Levels
Information
Information about this informationverbal,
nonverbal context
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987259)
28
Models of Communication

• Aristotles Rhetoric
• De Saussures Model of the Speech Circuit
• Shannons and Weavers Model
• Gerbners General Model
• Bühlers and Jakobsons Models
• Watzlawicks, Beavins, and Jacksons Model
• Schulz von Thuns Model

29
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Four Aspects of
a Message
..........
Content
Self-dis-closure
Sender
Receiver
Message
Appeal
////////////////////////////////
Relationship
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199430)
30
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Four Aspects of
a Message
........
The traffic light is green.
THE TRAFFIC LIGHT IS GREEN
Put your foot down!
Im in a hurry.
//////////////////////////
You need my help!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199431)
31
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Three Aspects
of a Non-verbal Message
........
Pleasecomfortme!
I am sad.
//////////////////////////
You hurt me!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199434)
32
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Three Aspects of
a Non-verbal Message
........
Please go on talking.
I am listening.
saying nothing
//////////////////////////
Your ideas are interesting.
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199435)
33
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Receiving with
Four Ears
What kind of person is he?
What are the facts?
How does he talk to me? Who does he think I am?
What does he want me to think or do, how does he
want me to feel?
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199445)
34
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
Well, if you dont like my cooking, you can go
and have your dinner elsewhere!
What are those green things in the sauce?
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199462)
35
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977) Four Aspects of
a Message
......
......
There is something green.
There is something green.
Dont put green things into the sauce next time!
I dont know what it is.
Tell me what it is!
sent message
received message
I dont like it.
///////////////////
///////////////////
Youll know it.
You are a bad cook!
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199463)
36
Schulz von Thun's Model (1977)
.......
.......
Sent Message
Sender
Receiver
Received Message
///////////////////////
......
///////////////////////
Feedback
///////////////////
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199481)
37
Communicative Competence

• Communicative Competence describes the
  speakers ability to select from the totality of
  grammatical expressions available to him, forms
  which appropriately reflect the social norms
  governing behavior in specific encounters.
  (Hymes 1972270, in Beneke (ed.) 199376)

38
Communicative Competence

• From a sociolinguistic perspective,
  communicative competence includes the following
  
• (a) LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE verbal and nonverbal
  codes, and the range of possible variants
• (b) INTERACTION SKILLS sociolinguistic rules for
  appropriate use, discourse organization and
  processes, and strategies for achieving goals
• (c) CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE social structure,
  values and beliefs, and cognitive maps or
  schemata for the content domains
• (Saville-Troike 1992, in Bright 1992273)

39
2. The Training of Communicative Skills

• (based on Schulz von Thuns model)

40
Congruent versus Incongruent Messages
.......
.......
//////////////////////////
//////////////////////////
Everythings just fine!
My life is a total disaster.
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199436)
41
Receiving with One of Four Ears
Self-disclosure
Facts
Appeal
Relationship
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199445)
42
Three Stages of Receiving a Message
perceiving
interpreting
feeling
(cf. Schulz von Thun 199474)
43
Metacommunication
analytical thinking, words
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP
older parts of the brain emotions
(cf. Birkenbihl 1987258)
44
Metacommunication
..........
Content
2) I-messages(Self-disclosure)
3) Wishes(Appeal)
(Leave the content level!)
////////////////////////////////
1) Explicit Metacommunication (Relationship)
(cf. Schulz von Thun 1994201)
45
3. Moving towards Intercultural Communication

• Why is intercultural communication much more
  difficult than monocultural communication?
• (discussion)

46
References

• Beneke, Jürgen (1993) English as the medium of
  intercultural communication Some teaching
  suggestions. In Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993),
  pp. 69-101
• Beneke, Jürgen (ed.) (1993) Communication in
  Aviation A collection of papers edited on
  behalf of IACTFLAP. Bonn Dümmler (Sprachen und
  Sprachenlernen 312 Dümmlerbuch 6312)
• Birkenbihl, Vera F. (1987) Kommunikationstrainin
  g Zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen erfolgreich
  gestalten. 8. Aufl. Landsberg am Lech
  mgv-Verlag
• Bright, William (ed. in chief) (1992)
  International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
  Volume 2 Expl - Moot. New York Oxford
  University Press
• Bussmann, Hadumod (1996) Routledge Dictionary
  of Language and Linguistics. London Routledge

47
References

• Chandler, Daniel (1995) The Transmission Model
  of Communication. (last modified 9 May 2000,
  last accessed 5 November 2001)
  lthttp//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Functions/mcs.htmlgt
  
• Corner, John Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989)
  Communication Studies an introductory reader.
  3rd ed. London Arnold
• Gerbner, George (1956) A generalized graphic
  model of communication. In Corner, John
  Hawthorn, Jeremy (eds.) (1989), pp. 17-18
• Ipsen, Guido (1999) The Interactive MultiMedia
  Linguistics for Beginners 6. Communication.
  (this version May 1999, introduced 20 July
  2000, last accessed 23 October 2001)
  lthttp//www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/lfb/html/text/
  6.htmlgt

48
References

• Schulz von Thun, Friedemann (1994) Miteinander
  reden 1 Störungen und Klärungen Allgemeine
  Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek bei
  Hamburg Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag (rororo
  7489)
• Saville-Troike, Muriel (1992) Communicative
  Competence. In Bright, William (ed.) (1992),
  p. 273
• Underwood, Mick (1997-2001) CCMS -
  Communication studies, cultural studies, media
  studies infobase. (last accessed 23 October
  2001) lthttp//www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cs
  html/index.htmlgt
• Watzlawick, Paul Beavin, Janet H. Jackson, Don
  D. (1967) Pragmatics of Human Communication A
  Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and
  Paradoxes. New York W. W. Norton Company