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Exploring American History

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Title: Exploring American History


1
Exploring American History
  • Unit VII- The Beginning of Modern America
  • Chapter 23 Section 1
  • The Road to War

2
The Road to War
  • The Big Idea
  • In 1914 tensions in Europe exploded into the
    deadliest war the world had ever seen.
  • Main Ideas
  • Many factors contributed to the outbreak of World
    War I.
  • European nations suffered massive casualties in
    the wars early battles.

3
Causes of World War I
  • No one event or person caused the Great War.
    There were many factors that contributed to
    mobilization of the belligerents
  • Five Major factors often identified as causes of
    World War I (but not causes of U.S. entry)
  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
  • Events or Economics

4
Main Idea 1 Many factors contributed to the
outbreak of World War I.
  • Nationalism
  • Nationalism, a strong sense of pride and loyalty
    to ones nation or culture, created tension
    between nations.
  • Austria-Hungary included people from many
    cultural groups.
  • Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from
    Austria-Hungary and join the independent Slavic
    country of Serbia.
  • Imperialism
  • Nations competed for control of territories both
    in Europe and overseas.
  • Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from
    France in 1871, and France wanted it back.
  • Militarism
  • Nations focused resources on militarism, the
    aggressive strengthening of armed forces.
  • Raced to build armies and navies
  • Made alliances to protect themselves

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6
The Spark
  • Feelings of fear and distrust grew among European
    powers in the early 1900s.
  • In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
    Herzegovina.
  • Slavic nationalists resisted violently wanted to
    be a part of Serbia
  • June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
    Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo.
  • Killed by a Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
  • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
  • Nations began to mobilize, or prepare their
    militaries, for war.

7
Pulled into the Fighting
Allied Powers
  • Russia, an ally of Serbia
  • France, an ally of Russia
  • Belgium, brought into the fighting because
    Germany marched through it to get to France
  • Great Britain, an ally of Belgium

Central Powers
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary

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10
The Great War- Two Sides
  • Allied Powers- Triple Entente
  • Serbia
  • Russia
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • Belgium
  • Italy
  • Portugal
  • Greece
  • Japan
  • United States
  • Central Powers- Triple Alliance
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Germany Empire
  • Bulgaria
  • Turkish Empire
  • Italy

11
  • The Great War, as contemporaries called it -- was
    the first man-made catastrophe of the 20th
    century.
  • In the weeks after the assassination, none of the
    critical leaders had the power or will to slow
    down the decisions, actions, reactions and
    attitude shifts of key government and military
    leaders.
  • By August, millions of Europeans -- especially
    the military and diplomatic leaders of
    Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia -- saw war as
    the way to save their honor, as well as to solve
    the internal and international problems that
    needed to be resolved.

12
World War I Begins - The Great War
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II on July 5th pledged that
    Germany would fully support Austria-Hungary in
    any action against Serbia.
  • On July 23, 1914, Austria-Hungary presented
    Serbia with a lengthy list of demands.
  • On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on
    Serbia. World War I had begun.

13
Schlieffen Plan
14
Schlieffen Plan
  • Both sides originally believed that the Great War
    would be over quickly.
  • In Germany, this belief was based on a long
    established war strategy called the Schlieffen
    Plan. Start with a German army invading
    Belgium(avoiding eastern French Forts) to reach
    Paris.
  • The German generals were so confident of success
    that Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaimed that he would
    have "Paris for lunch, St. Petersburg for
    dinner."
  • The plan required precise timing, with no
    interruptions in the timetable -- its first
    objective was to capture Paris in precisely 42
    days, and force the French to surrender. The
    German armies would then shift their focus to the
    eastern front and defeat the Russians before they
    were fully prepared to fight.
  • It started quickly on Aug. 2, 1914 with Germany
    invading Luxembourg and Belgium, but the British,
    French and Russians mobilized quicker than
    expected.

15
Outbreak of War
  • Define- What is nationalism?
  • Identify Cause and Effect- Why did other
    countries join the fight between Austria-Hungary
    and Serbia?
  • Analyze- How had European Nations prepared for
    war?

16
Main Idea 2European nations suffered massive
casualties in the wars early battles.
  • The French army blocked the German advance at the
    Marne River, east of Paris, in September 1914.
  • The First Battle of Marne marked the first major
    battle of the war.
  • French and German forces faced each other along a
    long battle line known as the western front.
  • Russian and German armies struggled back and
    forth on the eastern front.
  • The war became a stalemate a situation in which
    neither side can win a decisive victory.
  • Clear that this war would be longer than expected.

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18
The First Battle of the Marne
19
Stalemate
Poison gas attack, Flanders, Belgium
20
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21
The War Reaches a Stalemate
  • The First Battle of the Marne ended in a
    stalemate, and both French and German soldiers
    dug trenches, or deep ditches, to defend their
    positions and seek shelter from enemy fire.
  • By late 1914, two massive systems of trenches
    stretched 400 miles across Western Europe, and
    the battle lines known as the Western Front
    extended from Switzerland to the North Sea.
  • Trench warfare, or fighting from trenches, was an
    old strategy that had been used in Africa, Asia,
    and the Americas.
  • This trench warfare, however, was different
    because of its scale.
  • Soldiers lived in trenches, surrounded by
    machine-gun fire, flying grenades, and exploding
    artillery shells.
  • Opposing forces had machine guns pointed at enemy
    trenches at all times, firing whenever a helmet
    or rifle appeared over the top.
  • Thousands of men that ran into the area between
    the trenches, known as no-mans-land, were
    chopped down by enemy fire.
  • Neither the Allies nor the Germans were able to
    make significant advances, creating a stalemate,
    or deadlock.

22
Technology of War
  • Trench warfare, defending a position by fighting
    from the protection of deep ditches, helped make
    the war long and deadly.
  • Cold, wet, and muddy
  • Disease ran rampant
  • New technologies made land warfare even more
    deadly
  • Machine guns
  • Poison gases
  • Tanks

Land
  • Airplanes used in large-scale battle for the
    first time
  • Fired down on soldiers in the trenches
  • Gathered information on enemy locations
  • Battled each other in the air in dogfights

Air
  • Fighting in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea
  • Used Naval blockades and mines to block supply
    lines
  • U-boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes
    against Allied supply ships.

Sea
23
New Weapons of War
24
A New Kind of Warfare
  • Word of Germanys invasion of Belgium quickly
    spread to France and other European nations.
  • French troops mobilized to meet approaching
    German divisions.
  • They looked much as French soldiers did over 40
    years earlier, wearing bright red coats and heavy
    brass helmets.
  • The German troops dressed in gray uniforms that
    worked as camouflage on the battlefield.
  • French war strategy had not changed much since
    the 1800s.
  • French soldiers marched row by row onto the
    battlefield, with bayonets mounted to their field
    rifles, preparing for close combat with the
    Germans.
  • The Germans, however, had many machine guns, and
    mowed down some 15,000 French troops per day in
    early battle.
  • A well-trained German machine-gun team could set
    up equipment in four seconds, and each machine
    gun matched the firepower of 50 to 100 French
    rifles.
  • Many Europeans wrongly thought these
    technological advances would make the war short
    and that France would be defeated in two months.

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27
Trenches
28
Trenches
  • The Allies used four "types" of trenches.
  • The first, the front-line trench
  • support trench,
  • reserve trench
  • communication trenches

29
Life in the Trenches
  • Death
  • Rat Infestation
  • Frogs, Lice and Worse
  • The Trench Cycle
  • the Smell

30
Trenches- Suffering
  • Trench Foot
  • Trench Mouth
  • Trench Fever

31
Trenches- Self Inflicted wounds Shell Shock
32
Early Battles of the War
  • Make Inferences- What effect did having fronts
    in the west, north and east have on the German
    and Russian Armies?
  • Evaluate- What is a possible reason that
    soldiers felt safe in the trenches at the onset
    of the war?
  • Describe- What was living in a trench like?
  • Identify Cause and Effect- The arrival of tanks
    ended what type of fighting technique?

33
Early Battles of the War
  • Explain- How did the Germans respond to the
    British port blockade?
  • Predict- What do you think neutral countries
    might do after German U-boats attacked their
    ships?

34
Total War and Slaughter
35
World War I Casualties
  • Allies
  • Belgium 45,550
  • British Empire 942,135
  • France 1,368,000
  • Greece 23,098
  • Italy 680,000
  • Japan 1,344
  • Montenegro 3,000
  • Portugal 8,145
  • Romania 300,000
  • Russia 1,700,000
  • Serbia 45,000
  • United States 116,516
  • Central Powers
  • Austria-Hungary 1,200,000
  • Bulgaria 87,495
  • Germany 1,935,000
  • Ottoman Empire 725,000
  • Total Casualties
  • 65 million mobilized both sides
  • 8.5 million killed
  • 21 million wounded
  • 7.7 million POWs and missing
  • 37million total casualties
  • 57 of all men mobilized

36
Over the Top - An Interactive Adventure 15 min
or the entire period.
  • Over The Top

37
Weapons of World War I
  • If there is time

38
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39
Rifles
40
Rifles, Bayonets and Hand guns
There was undeniably psychological value to the
infantry in carrying a bayonet, even if in
practice it was seldom used. Bayonets continued
to be commonly issued in the Second World War.
41
Hand guns
French
German Luger
Colt 45
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43
Machine Gun
44
Machine Gun
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46
Poison Gas
  • Country Casualties Deaths
  • Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
  • British Empire 88,706 8,109
  • France 190,000 8,000
  • Germany 200,000 9,000
  • Italy 60,000 4,627
  • Russia 419,340 56,000
  • USA 72,807 1,462
  • Others 10,000 1,000

47
Poison Gas
48
Poison Gas
  • Mustard Gas

49
Poison Gas- Mustard Gas effects
50
Tanks
51
Tanks
52
Flame-throwers
During the war the Germans launched in excess of
650 flame-thrower attacks no numbers exist for
British or French attacks.
53
Grenades
54
Mortars and Artillery
55
Blimps
  • The Zeppelin

56
Airplanes
  • dogfights
  • interrupter equipment

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58
Poison Gas
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