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Danielle Jones

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Frogs, toads, and salamanders are amphibians. ... Salamander and frog (class Amphibia) Salamander and frog (class Amphibia) Salamander. Frog. Vertebrate Class Cont. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Danielle Jones


1
Vertebrates
  • By
  • Danielle Jones
  • Savannah Slasor
  • Chelsi Pulley

2
What is a Vertebrate?
  • Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone
    (vertebrate).
  • They are members of the phylum Chordata which
    include all animals that posses an organ called a
    notochord (A rodlike cord of cells in lower
    chordates that forms the main lengthwise support
    structure of the body).
  • The notochord is surrounded by a series of bony
    growths that develop into the vertebrate.
  • In humans however, the notochord is seen mostly
    in embryos and becomes almost replaced by
    vertebrate as the animals mature.

3
The First Vertebrate
  • Primitive vertebrates are first shown to have
    appeared about 525 million years ago in the
    Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era.
  • The first of vertebrates were the Myllokunmingia.
  • This is the oldest vertebrate known, it was found
    in rocks of the Cambrian period, and appeared to
    have skull and skeletal structures made of
    cartilage. It is described as 28 mm long and 6 mm
    high.
  • They adapted to grazing algae in shallow ocean
    waters and moving about from place to place.
  • This was made possible by three important
    characteristics of the vertebrate, a vertebral
    column made for flowing back and forth to allow
    active swimming.
  • A brain and complex nervous system ( allowed the
    animal to maneuver and keep track of its
    changing environment). Gill system which acts as
    a vacuum to help suck in food, and acts as an
    active ventilation system that allows for
    breathing.

Myllokunmingia
4
Characteristics Of All Vertebrates
  • Some characteristics of vertebrates are muscular
    systems, which mostly consist of paired masses,
    as well as a central nervous system which is
    partly located inside the backbone (if one is
    present).
  • But the main characteristics that define a
    vertebrate are a backbone or spinal cord , a
    brain case, and an internal skeleton.
  • ALL vertebrates are most easily distinguished
    from ALL other chordates by having sensory organs.

5
Vertebrates Sensory Organs
6
Vertebrates
  • Out of 1.5 million named species, 50,000 of them
    happen to Vertebrates.
  • The main vertebrates that we are familiar with
    include birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians,
    mammals, and humans.

7
Phylogenetic Tree
8
Vertebrate Class (Taxonomy)
  • There are 7 living classes of the subphylum
    Vertebrata.
  • Three of the vertebrate classes are fish. The
    most primitive of these is Agnatha . It consists
    of jawless fish that do not have scales. 
  • Fish that have skeletons consisting of hard
    rubber-like cartilage rather than bones are
    members of the class Chondrichthyes .  These are
    the sharks and rays. 
  • All of the bony fish are members of the class
    Osteichthyes .  Tuna, bass, salmon, and trout
    are examples of Osteichthyes.

Lamprey
   .
   .
Shark Ray
Tuna
9
Vertebrate Class Cont..
  • Animals in the class Amphibia spend part of
    their lives under water and part on land. 
  • Frogs, toads, and salamanders are amphibians. 
  • Many of these species must keep their skin moist
    by periodically returning to wet areas. 
  • All of them must return to water in order to
    reproduce since their eggs would dry out
    otherwise. 
  • They start life with gills, like fish, and later
    develop lungs to breathe air.

Salamander
Frog
10
Vertebrate Class Cont..
  • The class Reptilia includes turtles, snakes,
    lizards, alligators, and other large reptiles. 
  • All of them have lungs to breathe on land and
    skin that does not need to be kept wet. 
  • They produce an amniote egg which usually has a
    leather hard shell that protects the embryo from
    drying out. 
  • This is an advantage over fish and amphibians
    because the amniote egg can be laid on land where
    it is usually safer from predators than it would
    be in lakes, rivers, and oceans.

11
Habitats
  • Vertebrates are categorized as either
    terrestrial, aquatic or semi-terrestrial.
  • An example of a semi-terrestrial vertebrate is an
    Amphibian, this is because they lay their eggs in
    the water so they wont dry out.

12
Ecological Roles
  • Adaptation is imperative in their survival,
    because they must adapt to their habitat.
  • In order to survive in nature, vertebrates must
    rely on natural instinct. (i.e. ducks will fly to
    the south when it starts to get cold, because
    they thrive in warm climates)
  • They get their food from other animals or plant
    life, in nature.
  • Vertebrates developed enhanced senses of smell
    and vision and their brain is superior at
    processing information, than other organisms.

13
More on Ecological Roles..
  • Vertebrates make up only about 2 percent of the
    animal species.
  • Their size has a lot to do with them being
    noticed more and being the most successful
    throughout their life cycle.
  • Vertebrates have very highly developed nervous
    systems which help them react quickly when
    dominating in their surroundings which help them
    with their competitive edge.

14
Human Impacts how we use vertebrates
  • Humans use other vertebrates for things such as
    food, jewelry, clothing, pets, and entertainment.
  • Jewelry humans use other vertebrates bones for
    such things as necklaces, and bracelets. Ex.
    Shark tooth Necklace
  • Food Humans need to eat other vertebrates.
    Humans Eat chicken, Turkey, and steak on a daily
    basis.
  • Clothing Humans use the skin hide or fur from
    other animals as a fashion statement.
  • Pets Humans also take other Vertebrate as pets.
  • Entertainment Humans visit the zoo for
    entertainment to look at other vertebrates

15
Did You Know..??
  • Reptiles, like birds have voluntary control over
    the muscles in their eyes, which determine their
    pupil size. This means that they are able to
    constrict or dilate their pupils at will, not
    just in response to light.
  • Rabbits not only use their extra large ears for
    hearing but also to cool them down in hot weather
  • The fennec fox is the smallest fox in the world
    its maximum weight reaches ONLY 3lbs.

16
Video
All About Vertebrates
Lion VS Leopard
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