What do wethink aboutfor the next generation Internet

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MMU
What do we think about for the next generation
Internet? 20 August, 2003Seminar on Network
Security Management and Positive Use of the
Internet Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Professor Ryoichi Komiya Faculty of Information
Technology Multimedia University,
Malaysia komiya_at_mmu.edu.my
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Table of contents
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• History of Telecommunication
• Basic Telecommunication Networks
• Next Generation Networks (NGN)
• Basic services to be provided over the NGN
• Various Services over the Internet
• Future issues

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1. History of Telecommunication
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1.1 Three great inventions in telecommunication
were done by laymen, but the Internet is
different
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(1) 1837 Invention of telegraph by Morse
(He was a painter) (2) 1876 Invention of
telephone by Bell (He was a teacher for the
deaf) (3) 1879 Invention of the automatic
switching system, Girless telephone system
by Strawger (He was an undertaker) The
Internet 1959 Invention of the basic
principle of packet switching, the
technology underpinning the Internet by
Leonard Kleinrock (He was a graduate
student at MIT)
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1.2 Transmission Switching are key technologies
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Transmission more channels longer distance
more economical transmission (e.g.) copper
cable, wireless, satellite, optical fiber
cable Switching more subscribers connectivity,
faster connection signaling system
innovation for various services provision
(e.g.) Strowger, Cross bar, ESS, ATM
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2. Basic Telecommunication Networks
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2.1 Analog signal/Digital signal
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2.2 Why digital?
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1. Easy to multiplex many different
information 2. Digital information source has
been increasing 3. Easy to reduce bit rates
(compression) 4. Tolerant to noises 5.
Inexpensive digital devices (ICs LSIs) 6.
Optical fiber is optimum for digital transmission
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2.3 Information bit rates
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64 kbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Video
MPEG4 Videophone MPEG 1 MPEG 2
Broadcasting
Data
Low middle high
super high
Fax
G3 G4
Voice, Music
Mobile tel fixed tel
Hi-Fi music
bit/s
1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M
10 M 100 M
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2.4 Analog network/ Digital network
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Analog network
A/D, D/A
A/D, D/A
Telephone/video network
Modem
Modem
Digital network
ISDN, ATM network
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2.5 Packet communication
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Source data
Chopped into pre-determined length
Header
Packetization
node
node
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2.6 Connection oriented (circuit switched)
communication
Telephone network
Circuits
A
B
A
B
Selected physical circuit
Procedures (1) Select one physical circuit
between A and B by using signaling (2) Sending
information using the selected circuit (no
other call is used) (3) The circuit is released
after communication by signaling
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2.7 Connectionless oriented (packet switched)
communication
Internet
Selected physical circuits for packet transmission
Virtual circuit
B
A
C
Procedures (1) A sends a packet with destination
address B. The packet will arrive at B by
selecting idle circuit. (2) A sends a packet with
destination address C. The packet will arrive at
C by other circuit. (3) A packet with
destination address B will be reached to B again.

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2.8 ISDN
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2.9 ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
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B ch for information transfer D ch for signaling
transfer
2BD
B
64 kbit/s
Basic rate interface (2BD) 144 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
B
D
16 kbit/s
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2.10 Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
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30BD
B
64 kbit/s
Primary Rate Interface (2.048 Mbit/s)
B
64 kbit/s
B
64 kbit/s
30 B channels
D
64 kbit/s
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2.11 Broadband ISDN
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Todays N-ISDN
Circuit switched network
Packet switched network
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Broadband ISDN (continued)
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To be integrated by B-ISDN
ATM and Optical Fiber Network
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2.12 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
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ATM Cell Structure
Information (48 Bytes)
Header (5Bytes)
Incoming data is chopped every 48 bytes, added a
header then an ATM cell is formed. Transmission
and switching are conducted by cell basis.
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2.13 STM/ATM
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STM MUX
STM MUX
STM Synchronous Transfer Mode
1
2
3
4
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2.14 Multimedia network configuration
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Optical Fiber transmission system
Transmission equipment
Transmission equipment
(ATM Cell transfer)
ATM node
ATM node
ATM node
ATM node
Router
DLE
Router
DLE
Multimedia Data (IP pkt) Telephone
Multimedia Data (IP pkt) Telephone
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Multimedia network configuration (continued)
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Optical Fiber transmission system
Transmission equipment
Transmission equipment
(IP packet transfer)
High speed router
High speed router
Router
Router
VoIP Gate way
VoIP Gate way
Data, multimedia (IP services) Telephone network
Data, multimedia (IP services) Telephone network
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2.15 IP over ATM, IP over SONET, IP over WDM
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DATA
IP
IP over ATM
IP over SONET
ATM cell chopping
IP over WDM
SONET (SDH) Multiplexed into transmission frame
WDM(IP packet/ramda)
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2.16 Commercial internet network configuration
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Leased lines
To other provider
Access net
Access net
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2.17 Summary of PSTN(ISDN) the Internet
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3. Next Generation Networks
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3.1 Requirements for the NGN
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Broadband Broadband access Real-time Real-time
protocol, Network structure Ubiquitous Terminal
mobility, Embedded Secured Encryption
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3.2 Broadband access by PON
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Central office
High speed IP
100Mbps
1.3µm
IP Net
ATM -OLT
1.3µm
1.49µm
TV
ONU
Optical splitter
SCM -OLT
PC
High speed IP
1.55µm
Video
HE
SDTV 500ch or HDTV 100ch
100Mbps
1.49µm
1.55µm
Courtesy of NTT Labs
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3.3 Real-time protocol
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The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Without
using RTP, the video and audio data, which
eventually does not arrive at the same time at
the receiving host because of delays in the
network. A videoconference does not work very
well if the audio and video have different
delays.
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3.4 Ubiquitous
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computers, telecom terminals are connectable at
anywhere, anytime, anybody
mobile
embedded
Contents roaming
Road pricing
Inventory control
ITStelematics
Remote sensing
Connection roaming
Wearable sensors
??LAN
Kiosk terminal
Networked home appliances
Mobile computing
Courtesy of NTT Labs
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3.5 Security by encryption and decryption
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Network
Ciphertext
Plain text
Plain text
Encryption algorithm
Decryption algorithm
Receiver
Sender
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4. Basic services to be provided over the NGN
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4.1 IP telephony 4.2 Video transmission
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4.1 IP telephony
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4.1.1 IP telephony what is this?
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• Circuit switched network

PSTN
PSTN
VoIP network
GW
IP Network
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4.1.2 Service classification
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Rates
Mobile telephony
Fixed line telephony
IP telephony
Voice quality
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4.1.3 Various delays in IP telephony
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• Packetization delay due to the packetization at
  gate way
• Transmission delay due to the absolute
  transmission delay
• Queuing delay at IP nodes due to the packet
  routing processing delay
• Jitter delay at the receiving end due to the
  jitter absorbing delay by buffer memories

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4.1.4 Jitter (Why this happens?)
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Even if the transmission gate way is sending
packets periodically, the received packets are
not arriving with equal time interval. This is
due to the transmission path difference for
traveling packets over the IP Network. This is
referred to as jitter and jitter will be smoothed
by buffers, but this associates with delay.
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4.1.5 Voice quality is determined by
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• CODEC Quantizing noise
• Delays depending on network conditions
• Packet loss depending on network conditions
• Jitter Buffer size
• Echo depending on delays

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4.2 Video transmission
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4.2.1 Compression is necessary
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In 525-line system (USA, Canada, Japan) Using
444 format, 8 bits per pixel Y Cb Cr 720
(horizontal pixels per line) x 480 (vertical
lines) Memory requirement per frame (720x8x3)
x 480 8,294,400 bits per
frame 8.2944 Mbits per
frame Bandwidth required 8.2944 x 30
248.832 Mbits/s Very large bandwidth
memory required to transmit raw video/image
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4.2.2 Compression
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Courtesy to Professor Georganas of University of
Ottawa
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4.2.3 Video compression
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Courtesy to Professor Georganas of University of
Ottawa
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4.2.4 Video coding
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• MPEG-1 VCD
• MPEG-2 DVD, Digital Satellite Broadcasting
  (ASTRO),
• MMU NMES (Networked Multimedia
  Education
• System)
• MPEG-4 Japan NTT DoCoMo Videophone at 64kbit/s
• H.261 Video Conferencing (MMU NMES)

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4.2.5 Video codec example
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2D (8x8) DCT
Quantization
Entropy encoding (VLC)
Video Frame
Encoded Bit stream
I frames implementation schematics
DCT
Q
EE (VLC)
Difference Computation
Video Frame
Encoded Bit stream
DQ
Frame Memory
Motion Compensation
Motion Estimation
IDCT
Motion vector
P frames implementation schematics
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4.2.6 Frame types and prediction
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Prediction
Prediction
I
P
P
I
P
P
Frame sequences with I and P frames
Bi-directional Predictions
I
B
B
P
B
B
I
Frame sequences with I, P B frames
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4.2.7 Video Compression Standards
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• MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263 H.263,
  H.263,
• H.261
• - Developed by ITU-T for the provision of video
  telephony and video
• conferencing services over an integrated
  services digital network
• (ISDN) at p x 64Kbps, where p can
  be 1 through 30.
• - Started at 1984 became an international
  standard at 1990
• - Input digitized video format is either Common
  Intermediate Format
• (CIF) or Quarter CIF.

• H.263
• - Developed by ITU-T for use in a range of video
  applications over
• wireless and public switched telephone
  networks (PSTNs)
• - Is a very low-bit-rate video coder/decoder
  from 14.4 to 56kbits/s
• - Encoder structure is based on that used in
  H.261, with several
• improvements

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4.2.8 MPEG-1
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• Developed by Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG)
  under ISO
• Started at 1988, became an international
  standard at 1991
• Multimedia Standard with specifications for
  coding, compression,
• and transmission of audio, video and data
  streams in a series of
• synchronized, multiplexed packets
• Intended for storage of VHS-quality audio and
  video on CR- ROM at
• bit rates up to 1.5 Mbps
• Video coding algorithm is very similar to
  H.261/H.263
• Video rate Audio rate 1.406 Mbps, near to CD
  bit rate of
• 1.412 Mbps
• Video rate of 1.15 Mbps
• Video CD (VCD) is based on MPEG-1 technology
• MP3 is based on MPEG-1 Audio Layer III

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4.2.9 MPEG-2
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• Second phase of MPEG video coding solution for
  applications not
• originally covered by MPEG-1 standard.
• Started at 1991, achieved international standard
  at 1994.
• A superset of the MPEG-1 standard and is
  backward compatible to the
• MPEG-1 standard.
• Designed to provide capability for compressing,
  coding, and
• transmitting high-quality, multi-channel,
  multimedia signals over
• terrestrial broadcast, satellite distribution,
  and broad-band networks
• Digital video transmission (2 - 15 Mbps)
  including Digital Storage
• Media (DVD), existing TV (PAL, SECAM and
  NTSC), HDTV etc.

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4.2.10 MPEG-4 Overview
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• A new object-based representation of
  Audio-Visual (AV) information
• Integrates synthetic and natural AV Objects
  (AVO)
• Interactivity with AVOs
• Started in 1994, achieved international standard
  at 1999
• Initially targeted for very low bit rate video
  compression similar to
• H.263 (less than 64Kbps), but expanded to
  embrace a wide range of
• interactive multimedia applications
• Support resolution of QCIF up to CCIR601
• Offers not only efficient video compression, but
  also content-based
• functionalities not included in MPEG-1 or
  MPEG-2
• Has six parts 1) System, 2) Visual, 3) Audio,
  4) Conformance testing, 5) Software, 6) Delivery
  Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)

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4.2.11 Why MPEG-4 ?
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• Convergence of three traditionally separate
  application areas,
• telecommunication, information technology,
  TV/Film/Entertainment
• Emerging user requirements that need to be
  satisfied
• - Content-based interactivity
• - Interaction with information
• - Integration of natural synthetic content
• - Universal access

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5. Various services over the Internet
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5.1 E-commerce 5.2 Customer Centric
Enterprise 5.3 SOHO 5.4 Intelligent Home
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5.1 E-commerce
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5.1.1 Market size of e-commerce (USA)
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• B2C
• 1999 20.2 BUSD (17 million households)
• 2004 184 BUSD (49 million households)
• B2B
• 2000 336 BUSD
• 2005 6.3 TUSD (42 of the entire industries
  trading)
• (Jupiter Media Metrix, 2000.10.2)

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5.1.2 Direct model (Dell Computer)
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PC vendor
Dell
Catalogue Telephone
Internet
Consumer
Traditional
Present
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5.1.3 Direct model application To which
business?
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PC, Car, home
appliances, clothing, shoes, furniture, foods,
books, CDs, Flight tickets, hotel booking,
. To which business the direct model is
applicable? To which business the go-between is
necessary?
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5.1.4 Information middleman
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• Customer introduction Autobytel, ITN
• Potential customer introduction Persona, Lumeria
• Company introduction MySimon, Bizrate
• Auction eBay, MetalSite
• Reverse auction PriceLine
• Catalogue Chemdex, Plasticsnet
• Matching NTE, PaperExchange

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5.1.5 Customer introduction
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Autobytel.com
Customers info
Cars info
Membership fee, commission
Purchase request
Quotation
Consumer
Car dealer
Contract for sale
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5.1.6 Inverse auction
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Travel agent A
Request KL-TKY
Request KL-TKY By 500 USD
By 600 USD
Request KL-TKY
PriceLine.com
Travel agent B
Buyer
Quotation meets the request
By 550 USD
payment
Request KL-TKY
Travel agent C
Buyer purchases from Travel agent C paying 500 USD
By 420 USD
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5.1.7 Ticket sales are suitable for the net
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1. Huge amount of information 2. Suitable for
retrieval 3. Text information (non multimedia) 4.
Consumers need not touch it in advance 5.
Digitized information 6. Easy to deliver
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5.1.8 Other services on the WEB
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• Information provisioning by newspaper publishing
  companies
• Advertisement (banner, texts, push, pop up)
• On line banking
• Internet broadcasting
• Contents distribution (digital music by MP3)

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5.2 Customer Centric Enterprise
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5.2.1 Mass customization
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• Definition The technologies and systems to
  deliver goods
• and services that meet individual customers
  needs with near
• mass production efficiency.
• Mass customization is only products for which the
  value of
• customization, to the extent that customers are
  willing to pay
• for it, exceeds the cost of customization.

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5.2.2 Personalization versus customization
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Personalization involves intense communication
and interaction between two parties, customer and
supplier. Customization relates to changing,
assembling or modifying product or service
components according to customers needs and
desires. Personalization is increasingly
considered to be an important ingredient of Web
applications.
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5.2.3 Personalization My something
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My shoes My handbags My clothes My jewely My
cups My CDs My watches My ???
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5.2.4 Examples
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• Lectra http//www.lectra.com
• Clothes, leatherwares, automobile,
  furniture,
• 2. Pool http//www.poolonline.com
• My cups

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5.3 SOHO (Small Office Home Office)
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5.3.1 Why necessary?
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• Increase of senior people
• They have strong desires to contribute to the
  society
• Company can not sustain the senior people
• The society should utilize the senior to
  revitalize economy and social activities
• This helps to maintain healthy and co-operative
  relationship between human and organizations

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5.3.2 SOHO business chances
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• Consultancy
• Story telling
• Project proposals
• Translation services

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5.3.3 SOHO terminals
MMU
Home Gateway
To access network
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5.3.4 SOHO Terminals should be
MMU

• More senior people friendly Human Terminal
  Interaction
• (e.g.) Big font on display on key boards, light
  in weight
• easy terminal portability
• 2. Single entity, but multifunctional
  capabilities
• 3. Short downloading time short document
  uploading or
• transmission time

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5.4 Intelligent home
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5.4.1 Intelligent home
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• Service menu and positive use of the Internet
  (bolded)
• Home automation
• Energy management
• Home entertainment
• Home security
• Structured wiring
• Whole-house surge protection
• Home networking
• Lighting control
• Audio/video Distribution

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5.4.2 IP applications to home appliances
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IP Network
Courtesy of NTT Labs
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6. Future issues
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• Network Real-time IP network implementation
• Protocols
• network design methodology
• From distributed to centralized
• 2. Services Killer application(?)
• 3. Social acceptability SOHO
• 4. Accurate grasp of social demands consumer
  friendly or
• consumer oriented RD

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Thank you for your attention!
MMU