Liver, spleen Circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems

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Liver, spleenCirculatory, respiratory and
excretory systems

• Principles of Anatomy
• ANSC 2202
• Fall 2006

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Kidney diseases

• Bacterial infection in a trout
• Salmonella ? green kidneys in pigs
• Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
• genetic
• multiple cysts in the kidneys
• start out very small but they grow larger ?
  eventually severely disrupt the kidney ? kidney
  failure

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Kidney diseases

• Kidney stones (calcium or potassium any cation)
• Chronic renal failure
• Hypertension
• Infections
• Autoimmune disorders (i.e. lupus
  glomerulonephritis)
• Acute renal failure
• Poisoning
• Injury
• Drug

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Excretory system kidney filtering factory

• Humans
• size of fist
• ½ lb
• Role
• remove toxins, waste products, and extra water
  from entire body ? urine? bladder (200 quarts of
  blood/d)
• hormones that
• Stimulate the production of red blood cells
• Regulate blood pressure
• Maintain normal chemical balances in your body
• Regulate bone calcium content

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Excretory system kidney filtering factory
Urethra

• Nephron functional unit of kidney

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Excretory system kidney filtering factory

• Loaded blood
• Afferent arteriole
• Bowmans capsule
• Glomerulus (twisted mass of tiny tubes, main
  filter of nephron) for water soluble wastes
• Out of Bowman's capsule ? proximal convoluted
  tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Collecting duct (urine)
• Ureter ? bladder ?urethra.
• Filtered blood (clean)
• Out of the glomerulus
• Efferent arteriole

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Spleen diseases

• Enlarged spleen possibly caused by recurrent
  malaria, pneumonia/pulmonary edema
• Tumors

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Spleen

• Long tongue-shaped organ (pigs, humans)
• 3 roles/3 tissues
• Reticuloendothelial tissue
• phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cell debris from
  the blood stream
• RBC
• Venous sinusoids power of contraction of the
  spleen expulsion of the contained blood (for
  increased circulatory demands in certain
  animals).
• White pulp lymphocytes (antibodies)

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Liver diseases

• Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)
• Adenovirus
• Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, coughing, swelling of
  the head and neck due to lymph node enlargement,
  abdominal tenderness and even central nervous
  system signs (like poisoning).
• Clotting factors disrupted
• If minimal symptoms ocular lesions during the
  convalescent phase
• Copper Toxicosis (Copper Storage Disease)
• Copper accumulates in hepatocytes instead of
  being excreted with bile ? inflammation and
  scarring, ultimately leading to liver failure
• Bedlington, West Highland white terriers, some
  Dobermans and Skye terriers.
• Acute lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting - death
  can occur in 2-3 days
• Chronic anemia (pale mucous membranes),
  depression, lethargy, and anorexia (weak,
  underweight).

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Liver diseases

• Cirrhosis atrophy of the liver parenchyma
  hypertrophy of the connective tissue.
• Jaundice accumulation of bile pigment in the
  blood stream (obstruction of the duct system)
• Liver great vascularity ? often secondary
  metastasis of cancer
• Roundworms and parasites
• Hepatitis C (picture)

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Liver energy and detoxifying factory

• Hepatocyte functional unit of the liver
• Role of the liver
• Energy storage
• Nitrogen excretion
• Regulation of the water and blood distribution
• Detoxification (drugs, alcohol,)
• 50 lymph production
• Blood clotting factors

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Liver energy and detoxifying factory
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Liver energy and detoxifying factory

• Organization
• Left lobe smaller
• Right lobe on the side of the gallbladder fundus
• Highly vascularized
• Food/alcohol ? intestines? diffuses to blood
• Portal vein
• Hepatocytes charged in toxins
• Bile ? bile duct (branches with duct from
  pancreas)? small intestines (emulsify fats)

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Circulatory system and heart body pump

• Heart diseases numerous
• Heart cardiac muscle (not smooth, not skeletal)
• Autonomic nervous system control
• Organization of the heart
• 2 atria 2 ventricles (left is the most
  powerful)
• Valves
• Arteries and veins
• Connection with lungs and rest of the body

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Circulatory system and heart body pump

• Definition not based the level of oxygenation of
  the blood
• Artery vessel through which blood exits the
  heart
• Vein vessel through which blood goes into the
  heart
• Structure
• Artery tough, elastic no valves
• Vein thin wall because exposed to less pressure
  valves
• Arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

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Circulatory system and heart body pump
Tunica intima Tunica intermedia Tunica adventitia
lumen
VEIN Thin wall-less pressure
ARTERY
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Circulatory system and heart body pump

• Vena cava (superior and inferior) (deoxygenated
  blood)
• Right atrium
• Atrioventricular valve
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary valve
• Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
• Lungs oxygenation of the blood
• Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
• Left atrium
• Mitral valves
• Left ventricle
• Aorta (oxygenated blood)

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Circulatory system
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Dissected blood vessels
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Lung diseases

• Emphysema
• Pulmonary edemas
• Asthma
• Other respiratory problems (brucellosis,)

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Respiratory system and lungs oxygenating
factory

• Heart and lungs intertwined system

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Respiratory system and lungs oxygenating
factory

• Alveoli functional unit of the lungs
• Air ? Trachea
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• O2 from the breathed-in air diffuses through the
  capillary and charges the blood (coming from
  pulmonary arteries) in O2
• CO2 from blood diffuses out of the capillaries
  and charges the air in CO2.
• Thin epithelium simple squamous !!

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Dissection views
Heart and lungs
Liver, spleen, kidney