Archaic

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Archaic Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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From early beginnings to long lasting legacy

• Indo-Europeans move into region conflict and
  geography creates separate city-states joined by
  a common culture (language, religion and
  heritage)
• Join together in leagues during the Golden Age
• Culture spread by Alexander the Great during
  Hellenistic Era
• Eventually absorbed into the Roman Empire

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Greeks came together at the Olympics
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Eras in Development of Greek Civilization

• Minoan Civilization-
• 2000-1400BC flourished on Island of Crete.Great
  trading power..
• Myceneans (Achaeans)- 2000 BC E
• nvaded Greece from the north. They built on the
  achievements of the Minoans.
• Around 1250 BC they banded together under the
  leadership of the king of Mycenae to attack troy,
  a rival power. Troy controlled trading routes
  between the Aegean and Black seas. This war is
  told in Homers Iliad and the Odyssey. Composed
  about 750 BC According to Iliad Paris, a Trojan
  prince kidnaped Helen wife of the King of Sparta.
  The Spartan King and his brother Agamemnon, of
  Mycenae involved all of Greece in the effort to
  rescue Helen. After ten years of war Troy
  destroyed and drove the Trojans into exile.
  Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in
  northwestern Asia Minor which is accepted as the
  ancient city of Troy. Found nine cities had been
  built at different times on the same spot.
  charred wood and destruction convinced him that
  this was the layer of Troy.
• Dorians came down from the north.
• Settled further to the south on the Pelopennisus
  Peninsula. Conquered many of the regions
  occupied by the Myceneans. The art of writing
  was lost during this time. This period is called
  the Dark Age
• Age of the City States
• Small city states or monarchies formed instead of
  a great empire. Golden Age of Greece
• Delian League - Persian and Peloponesian Wars
  create a new era of differing alliances in the
  Aegean Sea. Trade provided wealth and some
  stablity. Also known as Classical Greece.
• Hellenistic Greece
• Persian occupation after the conquest of Greece
  by the Macedonian, Alexander the Great. Greek
  civilization spread throughout the world but
  mixed with other civilizations and changed.
• Roman - Greco Civilization
• Roman occupation after the conquest of Greece by
  the Romans.

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Archaic Greece 1650 BC - 700 BC
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Crete Minoan Civilization(Palace at Knossos)
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Minoan Civilization
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Fresco bull leaping
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Knossos Minoan Civilization
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The Mask of Agamemnon
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The Mycenaean Civilization
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Geographic Influences

• Many islands in the Aegean Sea were close
  together.
• This made trade and cultural exchange easier.
• Short mountain ranges divided the country.
• They prevented the development of a sense of
  Greek unity.
• The Greeks could not produce enough food for
  their own needs.
• They had to become traders.
• The long coastline brought every part of the
  mainland close to the sea.
• Greeks became fishermen, sailors and traders.

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Homer The Heroic /Homeric Age Dark Age
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Bronze Age Greece
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"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece 700 BC - 324 BC
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Greek City States

• Hellos

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Greece changes Geographically
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Characteristics of all Greek city states

• Small Size
• Small population
• An original polis (acropolis or high up place)
• A public meeting place called an agora
• This is how we identified whether or not it was a
  Greek city state.

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Factors that brought them together and Factors
that kept them apart

• Rugged Mountains separating the valleys
• Rivalries between city-states
• separate legal systems
• independent calendars, money, weights and
  measures
• Fierce spirit of independence

• Common Language, Religion, and festivals
• Co-operative supervision of certain temples
• Belief that the Greeks were descended from the
  same ancestors

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Greek Philosophy

• Popular government - is the idea that people
  could and should rule themselves rather than be
  ruled by others.
• This is the foundation of Greek Democracy but is
  not really a type of government.
• It is more of a philosophy

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Greek Systems of Government

• Monarchy- is a government by a royal family-in
  ancient Greece a King. established a dynasty.
• Autocracy- (rule by one person who has total
  control over all others)
• Aristocracy- (government ruled by the wealthy or
  upper class) was comprised of the nobility, or
  landowning class that ruled the city-state.
• Oligarchy - absolute rule by a few
• Tyranny - (Tyrant) seized power, gaining popular
  support by promising to defend the poor from the
  aristocracy.
• Democracy- the council of citizens helped form
  laws and limited the power of rulers.
• Theocracy- government in which the clergy rules
  or in which a god is the civil ruler.

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Geographic and historical influences in the
development of Greek city states

• Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula,
  an area that was good for growing grain but did
  not provide the protection of an acropolis.
• The ruling class of citizens of Sparta was small
  in numbers compared with the slaves, or helots.
• Due in part to a constant fear of outside
  invaders and of inside slave revolts, the Spartan
  aristocracy empathized military strength and
  uniformity.
• The government controlled all phases of life for
  both citizens and slaves.
• By doing so, art, literature, philosophy, and
  science were present only as they supported the
  military and only in a practical nature.
  Military might, as shown by strength, courage,
  endurance, and cleverness, along with devotion to
  Sparta were the most important values.
• Individual freedoms were sacrificed.

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4 Reformers/Tyrants

• Draco
• Solon
• Pisistratus
• Cleisthenes

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Evolution of the system to a democracy

• Draco
• Wrote harsh code of laws
• Solon
• Canceled debts of the poor
• Set up a court of appeals for citizens
• Stopped debt slavery
• CLEISTHENES
• Determined that all male citizens over age 20
  could be in the Assembly
• Set up the Council of 500
• PISISTRATUS
• Created a following among lower classes
• Exiled nobles who disagreed with his policies

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Athenian Government

• In early times ruled by kings
• Later, the aristocracy, selected representatives
  called archons
• Merchants later replaced some of the nobility
• Finally, the four reformers (tyrannts) and we
  have Periclean democracy

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Spartan social stratification

• Privileged rules class spartiates
• About 10 of population
• Descendants of Dorian invaders
• Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans perioeci
• Native prior to Dorian invasion
• Enjoyed rights of citizenship only in their own
  home communities
• Between 10 15 of population
• Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary
  military service helots
• Could become citizens and enter the perioeci
  class for military bravery
• Slaves

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Spartan Government

• First the Council of Old which had to have
  approval of the popular assembly of spartiates
  over 30 years of age
• Later, 5 ephors ruled

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Athenian social classes

• Nobility
• Merchants, Artisans
• Peasant
• Slaves common Athenian practice to free their
  slaves
• Metics foreigners allowed to live in Athens but
  could not become citizens

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Citizen Rights

• a) access to courts
• b) no enslavement (but the very creation of
  citizen class makes the distinction that other
  people are slaves - that's what makes citizenship
  a privilege)
• c) religious and cultural participation
• d) death penalty was rare
• e) becoming a citizen was nearly impossible
• f) citizen duties - taxes, military service

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Solon, The Lawgiver
Some wicked men are rich, some good men poor,But
I would rather trust in what's secureOur virtue
sticks with us and makes us strong,But money
changes owners all day long
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"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece 700 BC - 324 BC
continued
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Characteristics of Greek Art(mostly Athenian)

• Expressed ideals of harmony, balance, order and
  moderation.
• Glorified humans
• Combined beauty and usefulness
• Symbolized pride of people in their city-states

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Golden Mean

• Nothing in excess, everything in moderation

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Architecture

• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

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Architecture

• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

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Architecture

• Doric
• Ionic
• Corinthian

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Black Figure Style
Red Figure Style
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Practical but beautiful
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The Classical Greek Ideal
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Hellenic to Hellenistic Era

• Greece has an archaic era
• Minoans
• Myceneans
• Dorians
• Age of the City-states
• Greek Persian Wars bring them together under
  Athenian rule to defeat the Persians
• Golden Age of Greece
• Hellenistic Era
• Greek values and way of life spread by Alexander
  the Great

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ATHENS
Golden Age
Today
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Greeks become teachers of men

• Great Philosophers (SPA)
• Socrates Know thyself (This above all else
  to thine own self be true, William Shakespeare,
  Hamlet, act I scene iii, lines 78-80)
• Also An unexamined life (mind) is not worth
  living
• Plato Academy in Athens and student of Socrates
• The Republic
• Philosopher Kings
• Theory of forms (The Cave)
• Aristotle
• His logic is the core of deductive inference
• Every A is B or No A is B
• Some A is B Not every A is B
• Major Term becomes the subject of the conclusion
  as the Major premise
• Negatives and positives are a factor
• Golden Age of Greece to the Hellenistic Era then
  ...
• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the
  Greeks teach the Romans
• Later the de Medicis of Florence rediscover the
  teachings and treasures of the Greeks and use
  them to form modern Europe

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Piraeus Athens Port City
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Persian Wars499 BCE 480 BCE
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Persian Wars

• Marathon (490 BCE)- 26 miles from Athens
• Thermopylae (480 BCE)- 300 Spartans at the
  mountain pass
• Salamis (480 BCE)- Athenian navy victorious

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Golden Age of Pericles460 BCE 429 BCE
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Great Athenian Philosophers

• Socrates - Know thyself! - question everything
  - only the pursuit of goodness brings
  happiness.
• Plato - The Academy - the world of the FORMS -
  The Republic ? philosopher-king
• Aristotle - the Lyceum - Golden Mean
  everything in moderation - Logic - Scientific
  method.

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Socrates (470BCE-399 BCE)

• He wrote nothing, but was a skilled debater.
• He opposed the moral relativism and skepticism of
  many of the sophists.
• He used the method of rational debate to seek
  essential definitions of truth, beauty, justice,
  goodness, and virtue.
• The oracle at Delphi pronounced him the wisest of
  all.
• He was executed by his fellow Athenians for
  impiety and for corrupting the young.

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Plato

• The Allegory of the Cave
• The Republic
• There is a higher world of
• eternal, unchanging Forms that has always
  existed.
• These Forms make up reality and only a trained
  mind can understand them.
• What we see is but a reflection of that reality,
  a shadow of the true Form.
• Government works best when divided into three
  groups.
• At the top are philosopher-kings who must rule
  with wisdom and inspiration.
• Warriors encompass the second group, and the
  third includes everyone else.
• Finally, men and women should have equal access
  to positions.

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Athens The Arts Sciences

• DRAMA (tragedians)- Aeschylus- Sophocles-
  Euripides
• THE SCIENCES- Pythagoras
• - Democritus said all matter made up of small
  atoms. - Hippocrates known Father of Medicine
  with Hippocratic Oath

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Acropolis
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The Acropolis Today
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The Parthenon
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The Agora

• Center of Greece society
• Brings them together within the city state
• Starts as the market place and becomes the center
  of democracy

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SPARTA
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Delian and Archeon Leagues

• 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which lasted
  throughout the 5th century resulting in a
  unification of the Greek city states under first
  Athenian hegemony
• The predominant influence, as of a state, region,
  or group, over another or others.
• then under Sparta influence finally ending with
  the defeat of both and Thebes controlling before
  the ascension of Macedonia throughout the Agean
  Sea

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Peloponnesian Wars
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Macedonia Under Philip II
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Hellenistic Greece

• 324 BCE 100 BCE

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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Greats Empire
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Alexander the Great in Persia
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Formation of Greek hoplites
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The Hellenization of Asia
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Pergamum A Hellenistic City
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Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Hellenistic Philosophers

• Cynics founder is Diogenes
• ignore social conventions avoid luxuries.
• citizens of the world.
• live a humble, simple life
• Epicurians founder is Epicurus
• avoid pain seek pleasure
• all excess leads to pain!
• politics should be avoided

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Hellenistic Philosophers

• Stoics founder is Zeno
• nature is the expansion of divine will
• concept of natural law.
• get involved in politics, not for personal gain,
  but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all
• true happiness is found ingreat achievements

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Hellenism Arts Sciences

• Scientists / Mathematicians- Heliocentric
  theory- Euclid ? geometry
• - Archimedes ? pulley
• Hellenistic Art- more realistic less ideal
  than Hellenic art.- showed individual emotions,
  wrinkles and age

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Division of Alexanders Empire
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Roman-Greco society

• Following the Battle of Corinth in 146 BCE Greece
  became under the political influence of Rome
  while Rome and many of its aristocracy became
  under the cultural and intellectual influence of
  Greece
• Many generals and emperors attended the Greek
  Olympics and studied Greek science and philosophy
• Greek teachers were brought to Roman provinces to
  tutor Roman children and adults
• Galen, the named Roman accredited with great
  medical advancements in anatomy, studied even
  into the 19th century, was from Greek provinces
• The Aeneid, the great epic story of the Roman
  civilization, written by Virgil in the reign of
  Augustus, has as its main character Aeneas who is
  first introduced in Homers Illiad. Aeneas
  travels from Troy to Rome.
• Greece is later absorbed into the Byzantine
  Empire and later the Ottoman Empire, retaining
  its language and cultural heritage but losing
  regaining its autonomy until the 19th century.