Marine Resources - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 24
About This Presentation
Title:

Marine Resources

Description:

World's Commercial Fishing Industry. Dominated by industrial fishing fleets using ... Prolonged overfishing: leading to commercial extinction of a fish stock (e.g. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:1160
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 25
Provided by: boz61
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Marine Resources


1
Marine Resources
And Fishing in The South China Sea
Fish are wildlife, and they are the only
wildlife we continue to hunt on a large scale
Carl Safina
  • Fisheries
  • concentrations of particular aquatic species
    suitable for commercial harvesting in a given
    ocean area or inland body of water (lakes,
    rivers, reservoirs, ponds)
  • the third major food producing system after
    cropland and grazing land

2
  • Marine resources
  • provide 20 of all the animal protein we eat
  • 1/3 of world fish harvest used as animal feed,
    fish meal, oils
  • 60 of fish consumption by the developing world
  • In Asia, 1 billion people rely on fish as their
    primary source of protein.
  • Fishing employs 200 million people worldwide

3
Fishery Terminologies
  • Aquaculture farmed or cultured fish
  • Capture fisheries wild-caught fish
  • fish from the sea (marine)
  • from inland bodies of water, such as lakes and
    ponds (inland)
  • Stock the population of a species that is
    exploitable

4
Fishery Terminologies
  • Fish is a broad term that encompasses
  • Finfish the true fish, which are further divided
    into
  • demersal fish live on or near the seabed (e.g.
    cod, flatfishes)
  • pelagic fish live in the water column (e.g.
    tuna, salmon, anchovy)

Finfish make up the majority of world fish
catches.
  • Shellfish includes crustaceans (shrimps, crabs)
  • and molluscs (squid, octopus, clams, mussels)
  • Also, smaller scale fisheries based on
  • Echinoderms (sea urchins, sea cucumbers)
  • Jellyfish

5
Worlds Commercial Fishing Industry
  • Dominated by industrial fishing fleets using
  • Satellite positioning equipment
  • Sonar
  • Huge nets
  • Spotter planes
  • Factory ships (that can process and freeze
    catches)

6
Sources of Annual Commercial Catch
  • 55 ocean
  • 99 of this catch from plankton-rich coastal
    waters (but, coastal pollution!)
  • 33 aquaculture
  • raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and
    underwater cages
  • 12 inland freshwater fishing (lakes, rivers,
    reservoirs, ponds)

7
Total Fish Production
  • Global capture fisheries and aquaculture
    production (2000 U.N. Food and Agriculture
    Organization (FAO))
  • 1997 122 million tonnes
  • 1998 117 million tonnes (because of El NiƱo
    effects on some major marine capture fisheries)
  • 1999 production recovered to an estimated 125
    million tonnes.
  • Capture fisheries have peaked and remained stable
  • ? extra 20 million tonnes over the last decade
    was mainly from aquaculture

8
World Total Fish Production
Million Tonnes
Aquaculture
Capture Fisheries
9
Capture Fisheries Production
  • There was a time when the oceans and fisheries
    resources were considered to be so vast that they
    could not be damaged or depleted by Man.
  • 1950-1970s capture fisheries increased by 6 per
    year
  • 1970-1980s average increase was only 2 per year
  • In 1990s rate of increase in fisheries
    production was almost zero

10
Fish Utilization
Source FAO (2000)
11
Fishing Trends
  • This levelling off of total world catch follows
    the general trend of the worlds fishing areas
    apparently have reached maximum fishing
    potential,
  • i.e. fish stocks are fully exploited.
  • Recent global patterns of fish production owes
    much to the activities of China
  • ? Chinas fish production now (in weight)
  • 32 of the world total

12
Capture Fisheries Production
Top producer countries of marine and inland
capture fisheries in 1998 (Data FAO 2000)
13
Status of Fisheries Resources
  • There is a large amount of evidence that many
    marine resources have been overfished.
  • Overfishing the taking of so many fish that too
    little breeding stock are left to maintain
    numbers
  • Prolonged overfishing leading to commercial
    extinction of a fish stock (e.g. Newfoundland
    Cod) (when the population of a species declines
    to the point at which it is no longer profitable
    to hunt for them)
  • As one species becomes overfished, we simply move
    on to another species and overfish that as well

14
  • Fisheries are also depleted by high levels of
    bycatch (the non-target fish that are caught in
    nets and then thrown back into the sea, usually
    dead or dying)
  • Depleting marine biodiversity
  • Does not provide food for people
  • 60 of the worlds important fish stocks in
    urgent need of management

15
Increasing Fishing Efforts
  • Despite warnings of a slow down in production
    rate of marine capture fisheries in the
    1970-1980s, the fishing industry increased
    fishing efforts.
  • Boats became bigger, more powerful, and fishing
    technology has improved.
  • Many fishing vessels are packed with high-tech
    fish-finding equipment
  • Echo-sounders
  • Sonars
  • Global positioning systems (GPS)
  • Even spotter planes!

16
The Tragedy Of The Commons
  • Overuse of common-property or free-access
    resources ? environmental degradation
  • Such resources
  • Owned by no one
  • Or, owned jointly by everyone in the area
  • Available to all users at little or no charge

17
  • Degradation of renewable free-access resources
  • Tragedy of the Commons
  • User reasons
  • If I do not use this resource, someone else
    will. The little bit I use or pollute is not
    enough to matter, and such resources are
    renewable.
  • Does this logic work?

18
  • Fish should be a renewable resource as long as
    enough fish are left annually to reproduce
  • Ideally, an annual sustainable yield should
    therefore be established for each species
  • Difficult to estimate mobile aquatic populations
  • Sustainable yields shift from year to year
    (climate change, pollution, etc)
  • Traditionally, the seas were regarded as common
    property and fishermen were free to go where they
    liked and to catch as much as they could
  • ? If they did not catch the fish, some one else
    will Tragedy of the Commons

19
Overcapacity of Fishing Industry
  • Too many boats fishing for a decreasing number of
    fish.
  • Today, the fishing industry is twice as large as
    necessary. This overcapacity is global
  • Norway 60 overcapacity
  • Western Europe 40 overcapacity

20
Fishery Management
  • Fishery regulations
  • Economic approaches
  • Impose fees for harvesting fish and shellfish
    from publicly owned and managed offshore waters
    (money used for government fishery management)
  • Reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies
  • Reduce bycatch levels
  • Using wider-mesh nets
  • Enacting laws to prohibit throwing edible and
    marketable fish back to sea
  • Having observers on fishing vessels

21
Hong Kong Fisheries
  • Aberdeen, HK.
  • 5,000 fishing vessels
  • 11, 900 fishermen working abroad in the fishing
    industry

AFCD
  • Fishing in Hong Kong has little or no
    restrictions
  • ? HK waters are now heavily overfished
  • In 2000 an estimated 157,000 tonnes of fish were
    produced, with 90 of the catch coming from
    waters outside Hong Kong

22
Chinas Fisheries
  • Chinas fisheries
  • Have entered a period of rapid growth since 1985
  • Average annual growth rate 14, much higher than
    world average
  • However, problems now facing China are
  • Inshore fishery resources with the South China
    Sea area heavily exploited
  • Water environments deteriorating
  • Aquaculture serious fish diseases
  • Fishing in offshore and long distant waters has
    been constrained due to new international marine
    law

23
Sustaining Fisheries in S. China Sea
  • The South China Sea
  • One of the most productive regions in the world
  • Produces on average 10 of global fisheries
    catch annually
  • China has adopted various measures to conserve
    such resources and implement a sustainable marine
    development strategy
  • Various closed fishing seasons
  • Closed fishing areas
  • Marine sanctuaries set up
  • Moratorium systems (fishing ban)
  • Restricting size of net meshes
  • In 1979 fishing permit system introduced
  • Since 1995 a midsummer moratorium system

24
Fishing Moratorium
  • In 2003, fishing moratorium of the South China
    Sea (fishing ban in the South China Sea area
    north of 27N)
  • June 1 to August 1
  • All fishing operations in the South China Sea
    suspended (except gill-netting, long-lining,
    hand-lining, cage trapping)
  • Some 1,400 HK fishing vessels affected
  • The ban was imposed to conserve fishery resources
    and promoting sustainable development of the
    fishing industry.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com