EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

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EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
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NATIVE AMERICANS SPORTS

• Sport was closely aligned with social spiritual,
  and economic aspects of life
• Gambling was widespread
• Sports played varied by tribe

• Baggataway (lacrosse)
• Shinny
• Double-ball
• Footraces
• Archery
• Swimming
• Fishing
• Canoeing

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PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES

• Early settlerssurvived with hunting, fishing,
  and work-related recreation
• Puritansforbid frivolous activities
• Dutchbowling sleighing horse racing
• Virginiansfox hunting horse racing hawking
  cockfighting
• British influencerounders cricket boxing
  track and field

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EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Introduction of German gymnastics
• 1823-1833Round Hill SchoolJoseph Cogswell and
  George Bancroft
• Daily sports and gymnastics
• 1825-1830Charles Beckturner and friend of
  Friedrich Jahn
• Established an outdoor gymnastics area
• Translated Jahn's book

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EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Charles Follenturner and pupil of Jahn's
• Established gymnasium in Boston in 1826
• Taught the first German gymnastics at Harvard in
  1826
• Francis Lieberpupil of Jahn and a turner
• Directed the Boston gymnasium in 1827
• Started a pool in Boston in 1827

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GERMAN GYMNASTICS

• In the late 1820s and 1830s, decline of interest
  in German gymnastics
• Round Hill School closed Follen, Lieber, and
  Beck went into other jobs
• Newness wore off
• Too much emphasis on nationalism and strength
• Only German teachers
• Revival of German gymnastics in the 1850s when
  immigrants moved to the Midwest
• 186022 turnvereins 1,672 members

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CATHARINE BEECHER

• Director of the Hartford Seminary for Girls
  (1824) and the founder of the Western Female
  Institute (1837)
• Calisthenicsa course of exercises designed to
  promote health and thus to secure beauty and
  strength
• No special room or apparatus
• For the whole family, but especially for
  womendiagrams of how to execute exercises

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CATHARINE BEECHER

• Principles from Per Henrik Ling's Swedish
  gymnastics
• Her program was probably the first system adapted
  to the needs of Americans
• She was one of the first to actively struggle to
  establish physical education as a part of the
  school curriculum on a daily basis

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DIOCLESION LEWIS

• Light gymnastics or exercises with wands, rings,
  bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with
  musicteacher directed exercises
• Borrowed ideas from Catharine Beecher and Per
  Henrik Ling
• 1861-1868Normal Institute for Physical Education
  in Bostonfirst teacher training school for
  physical education in America

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SWEDISH GYMNASTICS

• Hartvig NissenNorwegian
• In 1883 came to Washington, D.C. and taught
  Swedish gymnastics
• Taught at Harvard Summer School, Sargent Normal
  School, and Posse-Nissen School

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SWEDISH GYMNASTICS

• Baron Nils Posse
• Graduated from the Royal Gymnastics Central
  Institute in Sweden
• Came to Boston in 1885
• Taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics
  (1889-1890)
• Established the Posse Normal School in 1890

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BOSTON NORMAL SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS 1889

• Founded by Mary Hemenway
• Directed by Amy Morris Homans
• Posse was the first teacher
• Purpose was to train teachers in Swedish
  gymnastics
• Moved to Wellesley College as the Department of
  Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909

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BOSTON CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL TRAINING 1889

• Purpose was "to bring to the attention of the
  general public and the leaders in the field the
  Swedish system."
• Speakers also for the German system, the Sargent
  system, and Hitchcock's program

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EDWARD HITCHCOCK
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EDWARD HITCHCOCK AMHERST (1861-1911)

• Program had an emphasis on health
• Required 30-minute class four times per week for
  all students
• 20 minutes for light gymnastics and marching as a
  class
• 10 minutes for individual apparatus work or
  sports
• Anthropometricsfind the average, ideal college
  male using age, weight, height, chest girth, arm
  girth, forearm girth, lung capacity, and pull-ups

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DUDLEY SARGENT
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DUDLEY SARGENTHARVARD (1879-1919)

• Anthropometricsto find the ideal student, but
  mostly to establish individualized goals and
  programs for each student
• Apparatuschest weights chest pulleys chest
  developers leg machines, and rowing machines
  used in individualized programs
• No Swedish or German gymnastics
• Sports, such as boxing, rowing, and baseball,
  were promoted

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DUDLEY SARGENT

• Sargent Normal School1881initially taught women
  at Harvard Annex and later founded a teacher
  training school for physical education
• Harvard Summer School (1887-1932)advanced
  teacher training program

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DELPHINE HANNA OBERLIN (1885-1920)

• 1903First woman professor of physical education
• Anthropometrics of college women
• Instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash,
  and Jesse Williams

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WILLIAM ANDERSON

• Chautaugua Summer School of Physical Education
  (1886-1930s)
• Brooklyn (Anderson) Normal School (1886-1953)

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ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION 1885

• Founded by William Anderson
• Major issues between 1885-1900
• Anthropometrics
• Battle of the Systems

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EARLIER NAMES

• 1885 Association for the Advancement of Physical
  Education
• 1886 American Association for the Advancement of
  Physical Education
• 1903 American Physical Education Association
• 1937 American Association for Health and Physical
  Education
• 1938 American Association for Health, Physical
  Education and Recreation
• 1974 American Association for Health, Physical
  Education, Recreation and Dance
• 1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical
  Education, Recreation and Dance

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YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND YOUNG
WOMENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

• YMCA founded in 1844 in England by George
  Williams
• YMCA founded in 1851 in Boston
• YWCA founded in 1866 in Boston by Mrs. Henry
  Durant

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YMCA AND YWCA

• 1885YMCA Training School in Springfieldto train
  YMCA directors
• Purposes of the YMCAto develop the all-around
  man (intellectual, physical, and spiritual)
• Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education
  was the YWCA training school

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BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMS

• SYSTEM PURPOSE
• German gymnastics Developed individual abilities
  and healthy, strong youth for war or
  emergencies using apparatus
• Swedish gymnastics Promoted health, correct
  expression, and beauty of performance using
  exact movement patterns
• Hitchcocks system Emphasized health through
  required exercises with light apparatus
• Sargents system Advocated hygienic,
  educative, recreative, and remedial aims
  through individualized exercises on
  apparatus
• Association gymnastics Contributed to the
  development of the all-around man

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PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION INSTITUTIONS
YEAR FOUNDER NAME PROGRAM

• 1861 Lewis Normal Institute for
  Light gymnastics Physical Education
• 1866 Turners Normal School of North German
  gymnastics American Gymnastic Union
• 1881 Sargent Sargent Normal School
  Theoretical and practical
  curriculum
• 1885 YMCA YMCA Training School
  Association gymnastics
• 1886 Anderson Chautauqua Summer
  Advanced theoretical School of
  Physical and practical Education
  curriculum

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PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION INSTITUTIONS
YEAR FOUNDER NAME PROGRAM

• 1886 Anderson Brooklyn (Anderson) Theoretical
  and Normal School practical curriculum
• 1887 Sargent Harvard Summer School Advanced
  of Physical Education theoretical and
  practical curriculum
• 1889 Hemenway Boston Normal School Swedish
  gymnastics and Homans of Gymnastics
• 1890 Posse Posse Normal School Swedish
  gymnastics

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PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

• 1896-1903 American Physical Education
  Review
• 1903-1930 APEA Review
• 1930-1938 Journal of Health and Physical
  Education
• 1938-1974 Journal of Health, Physical
  Education and Recreation
• 1975-1981 Journal of Physical Education and
  Recreation
• 1981-present Journal of Physical Education,
  Recreation and Dance

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PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

• 1930-1979 Research Quarterly
• 1980-present Research Quarterly for
  Exercise and Sport
• 1940-present The Physical Educator
  Phi Epsilon Kappa
• 1963-present Quest NAPEHE
• 1901-1928 Journal of Physical Training
  YMCA

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DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS

• 1868New York Athletic Club founded
• 1888Amateur Athletic Union started
• 1852First intercollegiate sport for men (Harvard
  and Yale in rowing)
• 1859First intercollegiate baseball game
• 1869First intercollegiate football game
• 1896First intercollegiate sport for women in
  basketball