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Title: From Empire to Independence


1
Empire to Independence
  • Chapter 6
  • Pages 129-153

2
Plan of Union
  • 1754
  • British Board of Trade met in Albany, NY.
  • Encourage colonies to consider a collective
    response.
  • To conflict with France and Indians.
  • Albany Conference.
  • Adopted Plan of Union.
  • Created a grand council to deal with matters such
    as Indian affairs, western settlement, etc.
  • Council to be composed of representatives elected
    by the colonial assemblies and led by a British
    appointed President.
  • Rejected Fear of losing sovereignty.
  • No unified voice.
  • Biggest weakness in the coming war with France.

3
French and Indian War
  • Seven Years War (in Europe).
  • Tensions between France and England in America.
  • The Ohio Country.
  • Westward pushing English moving into the area.
  • The French controlled the area.
  • The French were intent on holding the area.
  • Rivalry brought tensions to breaking point.

4
French and Indian War
  • 1749
  • Group of British colonial speculators gained
    shaky rights to 500,000 acres of land in the
    Ohio Valley.
  • Many were influential Virginians.
  • In this same area, the French were building forts.

5
French and Indian War
  • 1754
  • Royal Governor of Virginia
  • Sent 21 year old George Washington.
  • Lieutenant colonel in command of 150 Virginia
    militiamen and friendly Indians.
  • To meet with the French in the Ohio River Valley.
  • Encountered small group of French soldiers.
  • Washington attacked.
  • French were defeated.
  • French and Indian War had begun.

6
French and Indian War
  • French responded
  • Military reinforcements.
  • Surrounded Washingtons Fort Necessity.
  • 10 hour siege.
  • Washington surrenders July 4, 1754.

7
French and Indian War
  • British stumbled badly in opening of war.
  • Led by General Edward Braddock.
  • Haughty.
  • From Virginia with
  • 2,000 British regulars and ill-disciplined
    colonial militiamen.
  • Goal Capture Fort Duquesne (French fort
    Pittsburgh, Pa).
  • Carried heavy artillery through the forest.

8
French and Indian War
  • Within in a few miles of the fort, they
    encountered a small force of French and Indian
    fighters.
  • Were able to push them back.
  • Force melted back into forest.
  • Poured deadly fire into Braddocks ranks.
  • Braddock killed.
  • Heavy British losses.
  • Native Americans across the frontier went on the
    warpath attacking English settlers.

9
French and Indian War
  • Native American raids killed thousands of
    settlers.
  • Threw the colonists into a panic.
  • French Canadians captured British forts in
    northern New York.

10
French and Indian War
  • The English
  • Looked to William Pitt for answers.
  • Prime Minister of Great Britain.
  • Advocate of British expansion.
  • Put together largest military force North America
    had seen.
  • 25,000 colonial troops.
  • 24,000 British regulars.
  • English won control of Quebec in 1759.
  • 1760
  • George III becomes King of England.
  • English won control of Montreal.

11
French and Indian War
  • Victories led French government to surrender New
    France.
  • Fighting continued until 1763.
  • English victories in India, the Caribbean, and
    the Pacific destroyed any hope of French victory.
  • Treaty of Paris 1763.
  • Established supremacy of the British Empire.

12
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13
Outcomes
  • The war changed the map of the world.
  • French empire shrunk.
  • French held alliance with Spanish.
  • British Empire supreme.
  • Resentment developed between the English
    colonists and the British.
  • Colonists
  • Resented arrogance toward colonial militia.
  • Resented quartering British troops at colonial
    expense.
  • British
  • Resented the colonists profitable trade with the
    enemy in the midst of the war.

14
Outcomes
  • Unexpected outcomes of the War
  • Suspicion and resentment.
  • Growing sense of difference.
  • Tug of loyalties between local community and the
    larger empire.

15
Problems of Victory
  • King George II of England died.
  • Grandson becomes King.
  • George III.
  • Appointed George Grenville Prime Minister.

16
Problems of Victory
  • Power of British Empire grew in post-war period.
  • By 1763 The Empire
  • Included Canada.
  • Dominated the markets of Europe.
  • The Navy ruled the seas.

17
Problems of Victory
  • The Empire faced several problems
  • Struggled to maintain peace between the American
    colonists and the Native American population.
  • Grenville sought to create a policy to keep the
    two apart.
  • 1763Proclamation Line.
  • Banned colonial settlement west of Appalachian
    Mountains.

18
Problems of Victory
  • Proclamation Line of 1763
  • Angered many colonists.
  • No reason to give in to the Native Americans.
  • Many colonists simply ignored the Proclamation.
  • Continued to move west of Appalachian Mts.
  • More conflict between settlers and Indians.

19
Problems of Victory
  • The Empire faced several problems
  • Maintaining peace between settlers and Indians.
  • Former Prime Minister William Pitt had spent
    large sums of money to win the War in America.
  • The King was left with an enormous war debt.
  • Leadership did not wish to lay war debt on the
    British citizens.
  • They turned to the colonies.

20
Problems of Victory
  • Prime Minister Grenville
  • Believed a problem existed between Britain and
    her American colonies.
  • Why were colonial cities growing and England not
    receiving the expected benefits?
  • Goods manufactured in America competed with goods
    made in England.
  • Loyalty to the Monarch did not prevent some
    colonists from illegally trading with enemies of
    the Crown.
  • American colonists avoided paying import duties.

21
Problems of Victory
  • These three problems meant
  • England was not getting what it expected.
  • England would still be in debt.
  • Something drastic must be done.
  • 1764
  • Grenville proposed new measures
  • Parliament approved.
  • Colonies were shocked and alarmed.

22
Problems of Victory
  • First policy
  • Aimed at making the colonies pay to support the
    British troops protecting them from the French,
    Spanish, and Indians
  • Sugar Act.
  • Placed a tariff (tax) on sugar imported into the
    colonies.
  • Broadened the jurisdiction of the vice-admiralty
    court to prevent smuggling.

23
Problems of Victory
  • Response to the Sugar Act
  • Merchants and artisans viewed the Act as a threat
    to their way of life.
  • Protests against the Act in Boston.
  • James Otis proposed a boycott of British imports.
  • Spread to other port towns.
  • Grenville said the tax was fair.
  • Grenville (and Parliament) passed the Stamp Act.
  • February 1765.

24
Problems of Victory
  • Stamp Act
  • Required the purchase of specially embossed paper
    for all
  • Newspapers.
  • Legal documents.
  • Licenses.
  • Insurance policies.
  • Ships papers.
  • Dice.
  • Playing cards.

25
Problems of Victory
  • Stamp Act
  • First direct tax ever laid by Parliament on the
    colonies.
  • Colonies expected to be taxed by local
    assemblies.
  • Believed direct tax threatened the relationship
    between colonial assemblies and Parliament.
  • Colonists responded with outrage.

26
Problems of Victory
  • Summer 1765
  • Boston.
  • Sons of Liberty.
  • Secret resistance group.
  • Samuel Adams among founders.
  • Harvard educated.
  • Member of prominent New England family.
  • Quick-witted.
  • Knack for writing political propaganda and
    mobilizing popular political sentiment.

27
Problems of Victory
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Many were part of the laboring class.
  • Artisans and shopkeepers.
  • Hit hard by post-War depression.
  • Expected to suffer from Stamp Act.
  • Used public demonstrations to make views known.
  • By 1765 in cities and towns across the colonies.

28
Problems of Victory
  • Boston
  • Demonstrations targeted local leaders.
  • Thomas Hutchinson.
  • Royal Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.
  • Tried to enforce the Stamp Act.
  • Mob destroyed his home.
  • Similar events occurred across the colonies.

29
Problems of Victory
  • British response
  • Refused to allow colonial ships to leave ports.
  • Hoped this would disrupt trade and force colonial
    merchants to end protests.
  • Backfired!!
  • Hundreds took to the streets terrorizing
  • Customs officials.
  • Colonists who supported the King.

30
The Stamp Act
  • Sons of Liberty took to the streets.
  • Others took a more cautious approach.
  • Avoided treasonous statements or threats of
    rebellion.
  • Not all so careful.
  • Patrick Henry stirred his Virginia colleagues
    when he declared the Stamp Act was a matter of
    liberty or death.

31
The Stamp Act
  • Everyone agreed the heart of the issue
  • Parliamentary sovereignty verses the rights of
    the colonial citizens.
  • Basic English principle
  • No citizen could be taxed by a government in
    which he was not represented.
  • No taxation without representation
  • Shared by free white Englishmen on both sides of
    the Atlantic.

32
The Stamp Act
  • Did the House of Commons speak for the colonists
    even though no colonist sat in Parliament?
  • If no, the Stamp Act violated colonial rights as
    Englishmen.
  • If Parliament asserted the right to govern the
    colonies directly, what powers would remain to
    the colonial legislatures?
  • Power of local legislatures being attacked.
  • Many local assemblies issued statements
    condemning the Stamp Act.
  • The Stamp Act brought the colonies together like
    never before.

33
The Stamp Act
  • 1765
  • The Stamp Act Congress
  • Delegates from nine colonies.
  • Met in New York.
  • Consider petitioning the King.
  • To end the Stamp Act.
  • Conceded Parliament had authority over colonies.
  • Denied Parliament could lay a direct tax on the
    colonies.

34
The Stamp Act
  • What pushed King George III to repeal the Stamp
    Act?
  • Not the protests.
  • Not the Stamp Act Congress.
  • Economic pressure.
  • British merchants.
  • Colonists a major market for goods manufactured
    in England.
  • Any interruption in the flow/sale of goods to the
    colonies had a negative impact on English
    merchants, shippers, and laborers.

35
The Stamp Act
  • Non-Importation movement.
  • Most powerful weapon the colonists had.
  • October 1765 Colonists used the weapon.
  • Pressured by this movement
  • Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766.
  • Reduced the duties under the Sugar Act.

36
The Stamp Act
  • Colonists celebrated the repeal.
  • Public displays of loyalty to the mother country.
  • Just as impressive as the protests.
  • Boston The Sons of Liberty
  • Built a pyramid and covered its three sides with
    political poetry.
  • Celebrations short lived.
  • The repeal contained the Declaratory Act.

37
The Stamp Act
  • The Declaratory Act
  • Parliament re-affirmed its full authority over
    the colonies.
  • Parliament asserted that it had the sole and
    exclusive right to tax the colonies.
  • Clear and direct rejection of the colonial
    assemblies claim to power.

38
The Stamp Act
  • How did the colonists respond?
  • Face-device for British government.
  • To some degree, true.
  • The Act reflected the view of many members of
    Parliament.
  • Parliament would put the Declaratory Act to the
    test within one year.

39
The Townshend Acts
  • During the Stamp Act debate
  • Pennsylvania colonial agent Benjamin Franklin
  • Assured Parliament that the colonists opposed
    direct taxes.
  • Accepted Parliaments right to collect revenue
    arising from the regulation of colonial trade.
  • Charles Townshend, and Parliament, made a mistake
    by taking this advice.

40
The Townshend Acts
  • Charles Townshend
  • Proposed new regulations on a mixture of
    necessities and luxuries that American imported.
  • The Townshend Acts of 1767
  • Set import duties on products coming from Britain.

41
The Townshend Acts
  • The Townshend Acts
  • Placed import tax on
  • Glass, paper, paint, and lead products made in
    England.
  • Placed a 3-penny tax on tea.
  • To make sure the taxes were enforced
  • The Act
  • Expanded the scope and powers of the customs
    service.
  • Ordered new customs boards and courts be
    established.

42
The Townshend Acts
  • The Townshend Acts
  • Transferred British troops to major colonial port
    cities.
  • Maintain the peace.
  • The Quartering Act of 1766
  • Colonists to provide for troops.
  • Room and board, etc
  • Townshend and Parliament made a mistake by taking
    Franklins advice.

43
The Townshend Acts
  • News of the import duties
  • Caused an immediate, determined, well-organized,
    and negative response from the colonists.
  • Samuel Adams was furious. ltquotegt
  • John Dickinson
  • Pennsylvania Lawyer.
  • Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
  • Direct taxation without representation violated
    the colonists rights as English citizens.

44
The Townshend Acts
  • Dickinson rejected
  • Virtual Representation.
  • Parliamentary representation stems from peoples
    status as citizens of the British empire.
  • Dickinson asserted
  • Actual Representation.

45
The Townshend Acts
  • Boston.
  • Samuel Adams.
  • Boycott of British goods to start on January 1,
    1768.
  • Small merchants and unemployed artisans supported
    the boycott
  • Most hurt by new taxes.
  • Evened the playing field with larger competitors.

46
The Townshend Acts
  • Those opposed to the boycotts
  • Crown appointed officials.
  • Members of the royal bureaucracy.
  • Salaries from England.
  • Sworn to uphold and carry out polices of the
    Crown.
  • Saw British policy as well meaning.

47
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • Hotbed of opposition
  • Boston, Mass.
  • February 1768
  • Massachusetts assembly circulated a letter.
  • To other colonial assemblies.
  • Called for joint petition to Parliament for the
    repeal of the Townshend Acts.
  • Rescinded by governors order.
  • Reprinted by next assembly.
  • Governor dismissed the assembly.

48
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • 1768
  • Enforcers of the boycott against the British.
  • Roamed the streets of Boston.
  • Intimidating British merchants and harassing
    anyone wearing British-made clothing.
  • Mobs threatened customs officials.
  • Sons of Liberty protected smuggling operations
    were protected.
  • The Crown responded by sending 4,000 troops to
    Boston.

49
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • October 1768
  • British troops to Boston.
  • John Adams predicted disaster.
  • Citizens taunted the troops.
  • Samuel Adams published accounts of real and
    imaginary assaults by troops on innocent
    civilians.
  • March 5, 1770
  • The disaster happened!
  • The Boston Massacre!

50
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • March 5
  • Day of Boston Massacre.
  • British Prime Minister Frederick Lord North.
  • Repealed the Townshend Acts.
  • Allowed Quartering Act to expire.
  • No question of Parliaments authority over
    colonies.
  • Kept tax on tea in place.
  • Principle.

51
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • Repeal of Townshend Acts
  • Allowed some to return to normal lives.
  • Tensions still present.
  • Nonimportation policy avoided by wealthy
    merchants.
  • Continued to import British goods.
  • Abandoned radicalism of 1760s in favor of a more
    conservative (traditional) approach.
  • Looked upon merchant class with suspicion.

52
Boston, Bloody Boston!
  • Artisans and laborers
  • Continued to press for
  • Broader participation in local politics.
  • A more representative political system.
  • Looked upon colonial elite with suspicion
  • Aristocratic power.
  • Intolerable tyranny of the great and opulent

53
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • Despite the repeal of the Townshend Acts
  • British crack down on smuggling continued.
  • Americans took offense at the jurisdiction of the
    vice-admiralty court.
  • American political leaders
  • Believed the British government intended to
  • Take American suspects to England for trial.
  • Deny them a jury of their peers.

54
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • Committees of Correspondence
  • Following Virginia
  • Five colonies organized a communications network.
  • Each colonial committee was instructed to keep
    careful accounts of royal activities in its
    colony.
  • Committees were to report any incidents to the
    other committees.
  • Good mechanism for coordinating
    protests/resistance if needed.
  • First permanent machinery of protest.

55
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • 1773
  • British Parliament tried to save a major
    commercial enterprise
  • East India Tea Company
  • Controlled the legal acquisition and sale of tea
    in the British Empire.
  • Tea was the most important (non-alcoholic )drink
    in the Empire.
  • Company suffered from (1) boycotts of British
    goods in the American colonies, (2) Americans
    illegally importing Dutch tea, (3) gross
    mismanagement.

56
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • 1773
  • East India Tea Companys warehouses full.
  • Went to Parliament for help.
  • Obtained
  • A government loan.
  • Permission to ship tea directly into the
    colonies.
  • Bypassed British merchants (middlemen).
  • Price of tea in colonies dropped.
  • 3-penny tax (Townshend Acts) remained.

57
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • Lord North
  • Supported the idea because it would get the
    Americans to pay the tea tax.
  • Confirm Parliaments right to tax the colonies.
  • The Tea Act
  • Passed by Parliament.
  • Made arrangement legal.
  • Re-ignited colonial protests.

58
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • Colonists believed
  • Tea Act was an insult.
  • A challenge to their liberty.
  • Act confirmed Parliaments right to tax the
    colonies.
  • The tea might be cheap but not worth the cost.

59
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • 1773
  • Colonists mobilized their resistance.
  • Crowds prevented British ships from unloading
    East India Company tea.
  • Threat of violence.
  • Ships returned to England.
  • Confrontation avoided as long as captains and
    royal officials gave in to colonial pressure and
    threats.

60
Tea Act and Tea Party
  • Massachusetts
  • Confrontation occurred.
  • Sons of Liberty
  • December 17, 1773.
  • Refused to allow ships to unload tea.
  • Royal governor refused to allow the ships to
    leave.
  • 60 men disguised as Mohawk Indians
  • Boarded the ships.
  • Threw 340 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.
  • The Boston Tea Party
  • Delighted colonists everywhere.
  • Angered the King and Parliament.

61
Parliament Strikes Back
  • British response to Tea Party
  • Destruction of private property.
  • Make an example of Boston,
  • The Intolerable Acts.
  • 1774.
  • Punish Boston for the Tea Party.
  • The Port Act.
  • The Massachusetts Government Act.
  • The Justice Act.
  • The Quartering Act.

62
Parliament Strikes Back
  • The Intolerable Acts
  • The Port Act.
  • Declared the Port of Boston closed to all trade.
  • Boston must compensate the East India Company.
  • Massachusetts Government Act.
  • Transferred much the power of the colonys
    assembly to the royal governor.
  • Right to appoint judges, sheriffs, and members of
    the legislatures upper house.
  • Colonial town meetings came under the supervision
    of the governor.

63
Parliament Strikes Back
  • The Intolerable Acts
  • Justice Act.
  • Allowed royal officials charged with capital
    crimes to stand trial in London.
  • Not before local juries.
  • Quartering Act.
  • Military commanders the authority to quarter
    troops in private homes.

64
Parliament Strikes Back
  • The intolerable acts would be enforced
  • The King appointed Thomas Gage as acting governor
    of Massachusetts.
  • Commander of British troops in North America.
  • The King hoped
  • The harsh punishment of Boston would isolate it
    from the other colonies.
  • Did not work.

65
Parliament Strikes Back
  • In every colony,
  • Newspapers published essays and editorials urging
    readers to see Bostons plight as their own.
  • South Carolina Gazette
  • horrid attack upon Boston
  • George Washington
  • The cause of Boston is now and ever will be the
    cause of America.

66
Parliament Strikes Back
  • The Intolerable Acts
  • Instead of isolating Boston.
  • Produced sympathy for Boston.
  • Political writers placed the Intolerable Acts
    into the larger context of systematic oppression
    by the British Empire.
  • British government called the enemy.
  • British government conspiring to deprive
    colonists of their liberty.

67
A National Forum
  • September 5, 1774
  • The First Continental Congress
  • Philadelphia.
  • All colonies except Georgia.
  • Protestors not revolutionaries.
  • Illegal Not approved by the King or Parliament.
  • Main purpose to opposed Intolerable Acts.
  • English men/women hanged for much less.

68
A National Forum
  • Attendees included
  • George Washington, Patrick Henry, John Dickinson,
    John Jay, and John Adams.
  • Conservative members
  • Hoped to slow the pace of resistance.
  • Radical members
  • Hoped to increase the pace of resistance.
  • Most
  • Hope to find a third route.
  • Protest injustice without endangering
    relationship with England.

69
A National Forum
  • Rumors spread
  • The British Royal Navy to attack Boston!
  • General Gage to put troops in Massachusetts
    country side.
  • In response
  • Colonial militiamen gathered in Cambridge.
  • Many Congressional delegates became radicals.
  • Continental Association
  • Boycott of all English goods starting Dec. 1,
    74.
  • Demanded end of Intolerable Acts.
  • Many delegates were still torn in their
    loyalties.
  • Parliament or local assemblies.

70
A National Forum
  • Parliament
  • Sole right to govern/tax colonies.
  • Local assemblies
  • Sole right to tax colonies.
  • Delegates and all Americans must choose.
  • Seeking a middle ground
  • Joseph Galloway (Penn.).
  • Plan of Union.
  • Grand Council.
  • Elected by colonial legislatures.
  • Share with Parliament the right to govern
    colonies.
  • Council and Parliament could veto each other.
  • Governor-General (appointed by Crown).
  • Oversee Council.

71
A National Forum
  • Continental Congress
  • Rejected Galloways compromise.
  • Adopted John Adams proposal.
  • Declaration of Rights and Grievances.
  • Denied the legitimacy of taxing for revenue
    without representation.
  • Passed, The Suffolk Resolves.
  • Called for the residents of Suffolk County (Mass)
    to arm themselves and prepare to resist military
    action.

72
A National Forum
  • Congressional support for both resolutions sent a
    clear message
  • If politics failed, rebellion would follow.
  • Waited for reply.
  • First Continental Congress adjourned
  • October 26, 1774.

73
Deciding for Independence
  • King George III
  • American resistance could be put down if
    Massachusetts rebels could be crushed.
  • January 1775
  • Ordered the arrest of Samuel Adams and John
    Hancock.
  • Order did not reach General Gage until April.
  • Gage had already decided it was time to take
    action.

74
Deciding for Independence
  • General Gage
  • Dispatch troops to Concord (Mass.).
  • Seize supplies of patriot weapons.
  • Patriots learned of the plot.
  • Developed system of notification.
  • Lanterns in the bell tower of the Old North
    Church.
  • Riders on horseback to carry the news to the
    militias and countryside.
  • April 18, 1775
  • Two lanterns in church tower.
  • British crossing the Charles River to land near
    Phips farm.
  • Riders (including Paul Revere) rode off to sound
    alarm.

75
Deciding for Independence
  • April 19, 1775.
  • Early morning.
  • Advance guard of British troops reached Lexington
    (Mass.).
  • 70 minutemen gathered on the town green.
  • Disorganized and confused.
  • As the British approached
  • Shots rang out.
  • 8 Americans killed.
  • 10 Americans wounded.

76
Deciding for Independence
  • British marched to Concord
  • Town nearly deserted.
  • Search for weapons stockpile.
  • Five hundred musket balls.
  • Dumped in pond.
  • Concord militia (minutemen) prepared to attack.
  • Took positions above towns north bridge.
  • Shocked British.
  • Fled to Boston.
  • 73 British killed.
  • 174 British wounded.
  • 26 British missing.

77
Deciding for Independence
  • The Second Continental Congress
  • Philadelphia.
  • May 1775.
  • Prepared colonies for war.
  • Authorized printing of paper money.
  • Purchase supplies.
  • Appointed a committee to oversee foreign
    relations.
  • Creation of Continental Army
  • George Washington, Commander-in-Chief.

78
Deciding for Independence
  • Some delegates still hoped for peace.
  • Congress drafted The Olive Branch Petition.
  • If King withdrew British troops and Intolerable
    Acts.
  • Colonists would end armed resistance.
  • Still, the Congress issued a public statement
    preparing for war.

79
Deciding for Independence
  • England
  • Leaders sought to find negotiation points.
  • Despite George III refusal to compromise.
  • Two months prior to Concord/Lexington
  • Lord North drafted, Conciliatory Propositions.
  • For Parliament and Congress to consider.
  • Offered to suspend taxation if colonists would
    pay for their own defense.
  • Congress rejected, July 1775.
  • King rejected, Olive Branch.

80
Deciding for Independence
  • War seemed inevitable
  • Very few Americans called for complete split from
    England.
  • January 1776
  • Thomas Paine.
  • Englishman who moved to America.
  • Common Sense
  • Argued the British system combined aristocracy
    and monarchy.
  • Neither right for America.
  • Most important writing during Revolutionary Era.
  • Reshaped popular opinion and put independence on
    the agenda.

81
Deciding for Independence
  • Second Continental Congress
  • June 7, 1776.
  • Virginia Lawyer, Richard Henry Lee.
  • Proposed that America be, free and independent
    states.
  • Congress postponed a vote on Lees resolution.
  • Appointed committee to draft a, Declaration of
    Independence.
  • John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson,
    Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston.

82
Deciding for Independence
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Appointed to write the document.
  • Knowledge of political theory and philosophy.
  • Master of written prose.
  • Second Continental Congress
  • Passed the Declaration of Independence.
  • July 4, 1776.

83
End of Lesson
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