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Comparison of Major Counselling Approaches

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Title: Comparison of Major Counselling Approaches


1
Comparison of Major Counselling Approaches
  • Yvette Zuppiger
  • 2nd Sem MSc Cli. Psychology

2
Major Counselling Approaches
  • Affective approaches
  • Client Centered Therapy
  • Gestalt Therapy
  • Existential Therapy
  • Cognitive Approaches
  • Rational Emotive Therapy
  • Transactional Analysis
  • Trait-Factor Counselling
  • Behaviouristic Approaches
  • Behavioural Counselling
  • Reality Therapy

3
View of Human Nature
  • Similarities
  • The individual is capable of changing or being
    changed
  • Conflicts or unsolved problems are undesirable
  • Influence of future on present behaviour
  • Differences
  • Client Centered Therapy individuals are
    basically good, rational and self actualizing
  • Behaviouristic Therapy Humans are neither good
    nor bad. Behaviour is a result of environmental
    reinforcement

4
Key Concepts
  • Affective approaches Emphasize internal focus
    of the individual
  • Client centered therapy views individuals as
    positive
  • Gestalt therapy focuses on need to strive for
    wholeness (integration of thinking, feeling and
    behaving). Key concept is awareness
  • Existential therapy focuses on nature of human
    condition (capacity for self awareness, freedom
    of choice to decide own fate etc)

5
  • Cognitive approaches emphasize thinking process
    rather than feeling and experiencing
  • Rational Emotive Therapy emphasizes that emotions
    are products of human thinking.
  • Transactional Analysis emphasizes utilization of
    three distinct pattern of ego states Parent,
    Adult and Child.
  • Behavioural approaches emphasize socio-cultural
    conditioning process
  • Behavioural counselling is characterized by
  • Focus on overt behaviour
  • Precision and spelling out of treatment goals
  • Objective assessment of outcome of therapy

6
Process And Goals
  • Affective approaches
  • In Client Centered Therapy, Process involves
    counsellor establishing therapeutic relationship
    with client. Goals include client becoming more
    mature
  • Gestalt Therapy focuses on clients feelings.
    Counsellors role is to challenge clients to use
    all their senses fully
  • Existential Therapy involves counsellors attempt
    to understand the client as a being. Emphasis is
    on counsellors ability to expose himself and to
    be human

7
  • Cognitive Approaches
  • Rational Emotive Therapy Helping clients avoid
    most emotional disturbances by learning to think
    rationally. Results in clients attaining rational
    behaviour, happiness and self actualization
  • Transactional Analysis Goal is to help clients
    reconsider past decisions and make new decisions
    about present behaviour and life direction.
    Developing an autonomous lifestyle characterized
    by awareness, spontaneity and intimacy.

8
  • Behavioural Approaches
  • Reality Therapy involvement of the client is
    important. Client has to assume responsibility
    over his own behaviour. Final goal is to attain
    autonomy and to develop responsible and realistic
    plans

9
Counselling Techniques
  • Affective Approaches
  • Client Centered Therapy places little stress on
    technique. Importance is for expressing and
    communicating understanding, acceptance and
    respect. Emphasis is on the here and now
  • Gestalt Therapy uses confrontation techniques
    (provokes clients to confront and acknowledge
    their feelings)
  • Existential Therapy places little importance on
    technique. Increases clients capacity to
    experience life more fully.

10
  • Cognitive Approaches
  • Rational Emotive Therapy , counsellor assumes
    active teaching role to re-educate clients.
    Counsellor continually unmasks past and present
    illogical thinking and self defeating
    verbalizations
  • Reality Therapy involves teaching clients the
    meaning of reality and showing them how to act
    responsibly within the context of that reality
  • Transactional Analysis use interrogation,
    specification, confrontation and explanation

11
  • Behavioural Approaches
  • Use very specific techniques based on learning
    theory, incl. systematic desensitization,
    behaviour contracts, assertion training and
    social modelling.

12
Role of Therapist
  • Behaviour Therapy Therapist is a trainer,
    helping patient unlearn old behaviours and/or
    learn new ones. Control of reinforcement is
    important. Interpersonal relationships is a minor
    concern.
  • Humanistic Existential Therapy Therapist is an
    authentic person, sharing experiences
  • with the client. Facilitates potential
  • growth.

13
Necessary Skills of Therapist
  • Behaviour Therapy Knowledge of learning
    principles is primary. Understanding personality
    theory and psychopathology are secondary. Actual
    interventions can even be done by
    non-professional assistant.
  • Humanistic Existential Therapy Personal
    integrity and empathy valued over professional
    training and formal knowledge

14
Psychological Realm Emphasized
  • Behaviour Therapy Emphasis is on behaviour and
    observable feelings and actions
  • Humanistic Existential Therapy Emphasis on
    perceptions, meanings and values

15
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