A DICTIONARY. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive ... The thir

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Kinds of Dictionaries

• Deny A. Kwary
• www.kwary.net

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A Dictionary is

• a systematically arranged list of socialised
  linguistic forms compiled from the speech-habits
  of a given speech community and commented on by
  the author in such a way that qualified reader
  understands the meaning
• (Zgusta 197117)

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Typology of Dictionaries

• (1) scholarly dictionaries of record
• (2) practical dictionaries for everyday use
• (3) pedagogical dictionaries
• (4) dictionaries of linguistic phenomena
• (5) special-subject dictionaries
• (6) bilingual dictionaries
• (7) onomasiological dictionaries.

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(1) scholarly dictionaries of record

• The 19th and 20th centuries saw an explosion of
  scholarly lexicographical activity.
• Every language in the world that has an
  established literary tradition now has (or will
  soon have) a major dictionary.
• Classic examples of great historical dictionaries
  are the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the
  Trésor de la langue française, and the Deutsches
  Wörterbuch.

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(2) practical dictionaries for everyday use

• The emphasis in practical dictionaries nowadays
  is often on presenting a wealth of complex facts
  about words in a way that is as accessible as
  possible for users.
• Concise Oxford dictionary (1911) seems very dense
  and hard to use when compared with the 10th
  edition (1999), where a great deal of careful
  planning went into the page design and layout, as
  well as the selection of information.

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(3) pedagogical dictionaries

• the emphasis is either on helping the user to
  encode or decode the language.
• A dictionary designed for encoding use typically
  has a smaller word list and many more examples of
  usage than one for decoding use.
• Examples of pedagogical dictionaries
• Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
• Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced
  Learners
• Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
• Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners

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• Some of the innovative design features of
  pedagogical dictionaries
• The use of controlled/limited defining vocabulary
  in definitions
• The use of corpus-driven contextual paraphrase as
  a defining technique
• The extended use of authentic example sentences
• The use of extensive (nonverbal) illustrations to
  support definitions

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(4) dictionaries of linguistic phenomena

• Typical examples of dictionaries of linguistic
  phenomena are Slang dictionaries.
• English slang lexicography falls into three
  periods
• The canting or criminal slang dictionaries of
  the 16th to the 18th centuries
• The vulgar tongue works of the late 18th to the
  mid-19th centuries, and
• The modern productions in the 20th and the 21st
  centuries.

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• 1. The canting or criminal slang dictionaries
  of the 16th to the 18th centuries
• The hye way to the Spytell House, by Robert
  Copland (c. 1535). It describes the various
  categories of beggars and thieves, as well as
  their tricks and frauds.
• A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern
  of the canting crew, by the anonymous B.E.,
  Gent.leman (c. 1698),

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• 2. The vulgar tongue works of the late 18th to
  the mid-19th centuries
• A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue, by
  the antiquary and former militia officer Captain
  Francis Grose (1785).
• Modern slang, cant and vulgar words, latterly The
  slang dictionary, by Camden Hotten who was a
  bookseller/publisher and a cultivator of the
  flower garden, books of flagellant pornography.

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• 3. In the modern productions in the 20th and
  the 21st centuries, American slang has taken over
  along with an explosion of US lexica. Examples
• Vocabulary of criminal slang, by Jackson and
  Hellyer (1914).
• American tramp and underworld slang, by Godfrey
  Irwin (1931).
• Campus slang, by Connie Eble (1972).
• The slang and jargon of drugs and drink, by
  Richard A. Spears (1986).

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(5) special-subject dictionaries

• Ranging from huge dictionaries of medicine and
  law to quite small dictionaries of particular
  sports or games.
• Covering multifarious topics. Examples
• A Dictionary of Color, by Ian Paterson London
  Thorogood Publishing, 2004 528 pages.
• Dictionary of Militery Terms, by Richard Bowyer
  London AC Black, 2007 289 pages.
• To be discussed further in Week 14.

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(6) bilingual dictionaries

• Bilingual dictionaries are typically practical
  tools for interlingual communication and
  learning, rather than scholarly studies.
• Examples
• Kamus Indonesia-Inggris, by John M. Echols and
  Hassan Shadily, 3rd Edition, 1992.
• Kamus Lengkap Indonesia-Inggris, by Alan M.
  Stevens and A.Ed. Schmidgall-Tellings, 2nd
  Edition, 2008.
• To be discussed further in Week 13.

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(7) onomasiological dictionaries

• an onomasiological dictionary is to help the user
  to find the appropriate word for a particular
  meaning or concept.
• For example Rogets Thesaurus, in which words
  are arranged in hierarchies under more general
  terms.

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Types of Dictionarys based on the Language(s)
used

• Monolingual dictionaries For example, the entry
  words are in English and the definitions are also
  in English.
• Bilingual dictionaries For example, the entry
  words are in English and the definitions (or
  equivalents) are in Indonesian.
• Semibilingual (or bilingualized) dictionaries
  For example, the entry words are in English and
  they are provided with the definitions in English
  and the equivalents in Indonesian.
• Multilingual (or pluralingual) dictionaries
  Containing more than two languages.

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Thats All for Today Thank You