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Introduction and Basic Concepts

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Water supply. Sewage Water Disposal and Water Pollution Control. Stormwater Management ... Air Pollution Control. Noise pollution Control. Other Factors. Water supply ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction and Basic Concepts


1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
2
1. Introduction
  • Environmental Engineering Application of
    engineering principles to
  • Planning,
  • Design,
  • Construction and
  • Operation
  • Of systems
  • Two fundamental objectives
  • Public health protection
  • Environmental health protection
  • Interdisciplinary perspectiveBiology,
    ecology,geology, chemistry

3
2. Environmental Technology
  • Water supply
  • Sewage Water Disposal and Water Pollution Control
  • Stormwater Management
  • Solid and Hazardous material management
  • Air Pollution Control
  • Noise pollution Control
  • Other Factors

4
Water supply
  • Examine existing system and capacity
  • How to meet the federal and state standards
  • CA has community planning regulation that
    requires 500 homes Enough quantity of water
    for 20 years

5
Sewage Water Disposal and Water Pollution Control
  • Sewage contains
  • Human waste
  • Wash water
  • Dish water
  • Chemical from industrial and commercial areas
  • Microorganism that causes diseases
  • Microorganisms also can cause damage to lakes and
    streams
  • Issues of concern Capacity, subsurface geology,
    secondary treatment needs, Is there industrial
    waste, sludge or biosolids, sewage collection
    system, land disposal

6
Stormwater Management
  • Because of construction and development of
    impervious surfaces there will be need managing
    storm water
  • Consequence is flooding, erosion and pollution
  • Needs consideration of design storm
  • Consider pre-construction level discharge
  • Use of Best Management practices

7
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
  • Municipal Waste handled by municipality
  • Industrial waste may require special handling
  • Garbage can be source of Typhus and plague
  • Surface and ground water polluted with leachate
    or synthetic organic chemicals
  • Burning might cause air quality problem
  • Consider material recycling facility and
    processes needed (shredding, pulverizing, baling,
    composting, incineration), existence of sanitary
    landfill or suitable site
  • Consider also managing commercial and industrial
    waste
  • Environmental accidents

8
Air and Noise Pollution
  • Air pollution sources
  • Fuel combustion for power generation
  • Autos exhaust
  • Industrial and manufacturing processes
  • Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) needs to be
    prepared by an expert and must meet the standards
  • Noise pollution
  • Short-term Construction
  • Long-term Vehicular traffic
  • Also needs EIS

9
Other Environmental Factors
  • Ecological impacts of development
  • Impact to habitats, flora and fauna
  • Impacts on wetlands
  • Erosion and flooding
  • ISO standards development of environmental
    management systems standards

10
Case Study
  • Developing a Community Master Plan
  • Look at the whole range of scenarios
  • Meet the standards
  • Use appropriate modeling tools

11
Public Health
  • Environmental problem as an interrelated problem
    E.g.. Acid rain
  • Public Health
  • Microbes (Bacteria, virus, protozoa) called
    pathogens. Not all microbes are harmful
  • Communicable Diseases infectious, contagious
  • Noninfectious diseases
  • Occupational diseases AIDS, Hepatitis, Tetanus
  • The spread of infectious diseases involves direct
    and indirect transmission.
  • Involves a susceptible host, a causative agent
    sufficient to cause disease and a mode of
    transmission
  • Direct intermediate transfer
  • IndirectAirborne, vector-borne and Vehicle-borne

12
Communicable Diseases
  • Typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis,
    gastroenteritis
  • Botulism, staphylococcus,
  • Amoebic dysentery epidemic in Chicago in 1930s
  • Two main waterborne diseases areGiardiasis and
    crypto case gastrointestinal diseases (protozoa)
    Milwaukee 1993
  • Insect borne diseases like Malaria

13
Noninfectious Diseases
  • Lead, Hg from discarded batteries, Methyl-mercury
  • Kepone pesticide
  • PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) nonbidegradable in
    Hudson river
  • Silent Spring
  • Air pollution Asthma, Bronchitis,lung cancer
  • Direct cause-effect relation is hard to prove but
    higher concentrations have caused serious problems

14
Ecology
  • Food Chain and metabolism
  • Two principles One-way flow of energy and
    circulation of material
  • Transformation is not 100 efficient
  • Energy cannot be recycled and flows one-way
  • However nutrients needed to sustain life are
    recycled
  • Food Chain the Producers, the consumers and the
    decomposers
  • Metabolism is a biological and chemical process
    to sustain life
  • Photosynthesis and respiration are two
    fundamental processes
  • In respiration the organic mater is metabolized

15
Ecology
  • Carbon cycle
  • Nitrogen cycle
  • Phosphorous cycle
  • Stability, Diversity Succession
  • Biological Monitoring
  • Biomagnification
  • Impact of DDT
  • PCB in Hudson river
  • Endangered Species Act, 1973
  • Food Chain and metabolism
  • Photosynthesis and respiration
  • Aerobic and anaerobic Decomposition
  • Biogeochemeical cycles

16
Food Chain
17
Photosynthesis and Respiration
18
Aerobic and anaerobic Decomposition
Aerobic In presence of Oxygen Anaerobic In
absence of Oxygen Putrefaction (decomposition of
protiens) Fermentation
19
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20
Biogeochemical cycle
  • Includes water and nutrient movement
  • Major Nutrients N, C, O, H, S, P, Potassium,
    Calcium, Mg,
  • Minor Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn

21
Carbon Cycle
  • Four reservoirs
  • Atmospheric Co2
  • Living or dead organisms
  • Caco3
  • Burried material

22
Nitrogen Cycle
23
Phosphorus Cycle
24
Phosphorus Cycle
25
Stability, Diversity and Succession
  • Occupies a habitat and serves a function
    (ecological niche)
  • Eat and be-eaten relationships
  • Less diversity more stress, more diverse
    healthier
  • Count no of species
  • Ecosystem change over time
  • Attain a climax stage

26
Biological Monitoring of lakes and Streams
  • Macroorganisms
  • Benthic (bottom dwelling )
  • Water quality controls their abundance
  • Tolerant families indicate poor water quality

27
Biomagnification
  • Hudson river problem PCB, hotspots
  • DDT accumulation

28
Endangered Species Act, 1973
  • Protect and restore to secure status
  • List, class reclass, delist
  • Provide biological opinion to fed agencies
  • Oversee recovery
  • Protect important habitats
  • Provide grants to states

29
Geology and Soils
  • Types of Rocks
  • Igneous,
  • Sedimentary, and
  • Metamorphic
  • Weathering as a process in formation of soil

30
Rock cycle
31
Geology and Soils
  • Types of Soil Gravel sand, silt, clay
  • Triangular classification chart

32
Geology and Soils
  • Soil properties
  • Porosity (air space)
  • Permeability
  • Infiltration
  • Percolation
  • Soil gradation Du D60/D10
  • Soil Survey Maps Soil series, Depth to bedrock,
    depth to water table, slope, soil types, USDA
    classification system

33
Historical Perspective
  • Brief History civilizations developed around
    water sources, Piped water 2000 years ago.
  • The link between disease and contaminated water
    known in 1800s
  • First Sand filters
  • Chlorination in 20th century
  • Sewage collection in Chicago 1850
  • Dilution as solution to pollution in first half
    of 20th century
  • First sewage treatment in NJ in 1911
  • Wastewater treatment was part of pollution
    control from 1950s
  • Air, solid and Haz material management was a
    concern from 1970

34
Historical Perspective (cont.d)
  • An Era of Environmental Awareness In 1960,
    ecosystem and biosphere were emphasized, silent
    springs, NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)
    used EIS as a planning tool, EPA created,
  • EPAs role regulatory, research, assistance,
    States have their own agencies.
  • Environmental Regulations
  • Clean Air Act
  • Clean Water Act
  • CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
    Compensation and Liability Act)
  • SDWA(Safe drinking water Act)

35
Some Web Sites
  • EPA
  • USGS
  • ENS
  • Endangered Species Home page
  • EnviroSources
  • National Institute of Environmental Health
    Sciences
  • NRCS
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