The Idea of Samogitian Language emaiciu kalba in the 19th Century

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The Idea of SamogitianLanguage (emaiciu kalba)
in the 19th Century

• Giedrius Subacius
  (University of Illinois at
  Chicago)
• Università di Pisa, Nov. 26, 2009

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Written varieties 1819th c.

• Eastern Highland dialect. Vilnius

• Western Lithuania. Lowland dialects

• Central Highland dialect. Kedainiai

• Western Highland dialect. Königsberg

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Since mid-18th c.
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• 18001831
• 18321863
• 18641885...

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• 18001831 Dionizas POKA
• Simonas STANEVICIUS
• Arnulfas GIEDRAITIS

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Pokass Dictionary
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Pokass Dictionary
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• Kajetonas Nezabitauskis
• (and Dionizas Poka)

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• Kaj. Nezabitauskis digraf. ij or ji (like Poka)
  (South Lowland.)
• Kjily kiele
• kurji kurie
• netolji netolie

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• Count Rumiancev

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• Simonas Stanevicius

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• dina diena
• kik kiek
• lipy liepe
• winas vienas
• witas vietas

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• Bishop Arnulfas Giedraitis

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Highland New Testam.

• Lowland features present
• gerans gerias
• imans imas
• iszduodans iduodas
• miegans miegas
• sakans sakas
• dransiasnia drasesnia
• dransuma drasuma

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• 18321863 Jurgis PABREA
• Simonas DAUKANTAS
• Motiejus VALANCIUS

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Pabreas Sermon
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Grammar of Kasakauskis
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Grammar of Gross
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• Simonas Daukantas

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Daukantass Grammar
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Daukantass Grammar
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Daukantass Primer
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Daukantass Cultural History
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• Bishop Motiejus Valancius

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• 18641885 (standard)

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Written varieties after 1864

• Western Lithuania. Lowland dialects

• Central Highland dialect. Kedainiai

• Western Highland dialect. Königsberg

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Cyrillic letters

• Cyrillic Lithuanian
• ?????? ????
• Cyrillic English
• ??? ???? ???? ???????

• Standard Lithuanian
• Diedas oka
• Standard English
• An old man dances

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Cyrillic for Lithuanian 18651904
Standard Lithuanian Diedas oka
Standard Lithuanian Diedas oka
STANDARD LITHUANIAN
Cyrillic Lithuanian ?????? ????
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Paradoxes

• Paradox 1. The Polish letters were prohibited
  for Lithuanians but not for the Poles.
• Paradox 2. The standard Lithuanian in Latin
  alphabet was formed in the period of drastic
  persecution of it. This probably demonstrates the
  scale and impact of illegal press the best.

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Latin and Cyrillic alphabets

• Green Lithuania
• Purple Cyrillic alphabet
• Yellow Latin and other alphabets

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Ca. 60 Lithuanian books in Cyrillic

• Short Catechism, Vilnius, 1865.

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• Holly history, Warsaw, 1896.

• Lev Tolstoj, In the Captivity of Caucasus,
  Vilnius, 1891.

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Example of Ideology Substitution
of Religion

• Russian authorities also preferred to promote
  Russian Orthodoxy along with the Cyrillic
  letters.

• In Lith. Catechism of 1865 Catholic crossing was
  substituted by the Orthodox one.

• In 1874 A. Lovtis rewrote it in Latin letters
  again and substituted to the Catholic one.

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Historical situation

• Russian authorities were outraged when the
  insurrection against Russia took place in Poland
  and Lithuania in 1863.
• Authorities decided that they have to distract
  Lithuanians from the Polish cultural influence by
  prohibiting the usage of the so-called Polish
  script. They did not want to accept the tradition
  of 300 years.
• Instead of the traditional Polish script they
  had offered their own Cyrillic alphabet to
  Lithuanians. Russian authorities began publishing
  Lithuanian Cyrillic books at their own cost.

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Alphabets

• Yellow is Karaliaucius (Königsberg) region in
  East Prussia there was Lith. literature printed
  and smuggled over the border.
• Red is the territory where the Cyrillic script
  prevailed.

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Statistics of Lith. publications1865-1904
(periodicals not included)

• 3,953 Latin or Gothic script based Lith.
  publications (2,687 in East Prussia 712 in the
  US.)
• 60 Lith. publications in Cyrillic.
• Thus, in 40 years there were published
  approximately 66 times more of Lith. publications
  in Latin or Gothic script than in Cyrillic.

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Grammar

• Jonas Jablonskis published a Grammar of
  Lithuanian in 1901. It became a symbolical
  codifying book for Lithuanian.

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Dictionary
www.lkz.lt

• For 100 years Lithuanians prepared and published
  the biggest dictionary they ever had a
  comprehensive dictionary of Lithuanian in 20
  volumes. It was finished in 2002 in the Research
  Institute of Lithuanian in Vilnius. Since 2005 it
  is available online at www.lkz.lt

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Daliute Ona Matulaite
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Book-carrier, a sculpture byJ. Zikaras, 1928

• J. Zikaras 18811944
• Sculpture is located in Kaunas, the second
  largest city of Lithuania.

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Envelopes

• Lithuanian envelopes of 1996 to honor Jurgis
  Bielinis, the most famous book-carrier. J.Zikaras
  sculpture is depicted.

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Computer game with the
book-carriers, 2004
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The Book-Carrier Grove

• In 1990 the Book-Carrier Grove was planted in
  South-West Lithuania. There are 144 oaks at
  present, 115 of them carry a name of a
  book-carrier.

• The Book-Carrier Grove in 1990.

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The Book-Carrier Wall

• Book-Carrier Wall was erected in 1940.
  Destroyed in 1950 by Soviets. Then in 1997 it was
  rebuilt again.
• 100 most important Lithuanian book-carrier names
  are listed there in three huge honorable tables.

• The Book-Carrier Wall with a group of
  bibliophiles.

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The Book-Carrier Wall in 1943
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Museum of book-carriers

• Ustrone, near Krekenava, Paneveys county

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Association of a Lithuanian book-carrier

• Association of a Lithuanian book-carrier is an
  organisation, established in 1983 and registered
  in 1989. President Irena Kubiliene.

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• http//tigger.uic.edu/subacius
• Lecture
• The idea of a Samogitian language
• (emaiciu kalba) in the 19th Century,
• Nov. 26, 2009
• subacius_at_uic.edu

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Linguistic features of standard

• Western Highl. ltygt long, ltigt short matyti to
  see
• ltegt kede a chair
• Lowland ltygt open, ltigt narrow matity
• ltiegt diphthong kiedie
• Central Highl. no letter ltygt matiti
• no letter ltegt kede

Western Highl. ltygt long, ltigt short matyti to
see ltegt kede a chair Lowland ltygt
open, ltigt narrow matity ltiegt diphthong
kiedie Central Highl. no letter ltygt
matiti no letter ltegt kede