Defending and Expanding the New Nation

1
Defending and Expanding the New Nation

• 1803-1818
• (Chapter 10)

2
Background

• Jefferson is President
• Size of country doubled after Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson commissions Lewis and Clark to explore
  northern part of newly acquired, Louisiana
  Territory

3
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Undertaken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,
  both captains in U. S. Army
• Commissioned by Jefferson even before the
  purchase of the Louisiana Territory
• Both explorers also naturalists and wrote
  journals and sent back samples of animal and
  plant life back to Washington D. C., during their
  expedition
• Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804 and reached
  the Pacific Ocean November 1805
• Trek to Pacific Coast took 28 months, covering
  8000 miles

4
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• First goal To find a northwestern waterway
  passage to the Pacific Coast
• Second goal Divert fur trade away from British
  Canada into American traders and U.S. markets,
  using the waterway
• Third goal To see what kind of flora and fauna
  existed in this region as well Indian tribes in
  the area
• Fourth goal Negotiate with Indians in the area
  to allow for Americans to move into area for
  mining and ranching purposes

5
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and
Clark
6
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Lewis and Clarks party a diverse group of
  people (British, Irish, Black slaves etc.)
• Assisted by Sacajawea, Shoshone Indian woman,
  married to French fur trader
• Both joined Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Helped establish to Indians that the expedition
  was peaceful
• Sacajawea helped with finding food, and
  translation between Americans and Indian tribes
• Return journey began in March 1806
• Both men considered one of the most important
  explorers in American history

7
Challenges in early 19th century

• Indian continued to be a threat to U.S.
• Many tribes had alliances with British and French
  in the Great Lakes Region
• Britain also imposing threat
• Led to War of 1812 between British and American
  forces
• French and Spanish also minor threats

8
The European Menace

• Jefferson becomes President for the second time
  in 1804
• Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) killed in duel
  with Aaron Burr
• He had to deal with issues with European
  powerhouses, Britain and France
• Britain involved in a war with France
• Also issues Orders in Council in 1806, whereby
  any country that wanted to ship goods to France
  had to first stop at a British port to pay taxes
• This aggravates the Americans
• Britain and France also continue their annoying
  policy of impressment of American seamen
• Jefferson does not want war and resorts to
  economic warfare

9
The Embargo Act

• Passage of Act triggered by British attack on
  U.S. ship, and the killing of a few Americans
• 1807 Jefferson decided to fight back with the
  Embargo Act
• By this Act, all American exports to France and
  Britain were to be stopped in order for these
  powers to gain respect for the U.S. as an
  independent nation
• New Englands foreign trade economy suffered as a
  result of the Act
• Affected farmers as well as shipbuilders in New
  England as well as cotton and tobacco farmers of
  the South
• Many found other ways to avoid Act by shipping
  goods from Canada
• Passage of Act boosted domestic industrialization
  and intensified tension between Britain and
  America

10
On the Brink of War

• Jefferson refuses a 3rd term as President
• New President in 1808 election is James Madison
  (Federalist turned Dem-Rep.)
• 1808 Shawnee Indian resistance led by Tecumseh
  and his brother
• Founded Prophets Town in Indiana as a sovereign
  Indian state for the preservation on the Native
  American culture
• 1809 Indians sell 3million acres of land to
  Americans for a very low price, cheated while
  being under the influence of liquor. Indian
  leaders very upset by this deal
• 1809 Embargo repealed in favor of
  Non-Intercourse Act
• U.S. will resume trade with England and France
  based on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels

11
On the Brink of War

• Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed
  promise of British minister
• English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that
  opened trade with England
• 1810 Macons Bill, 2 replaces the
  Non-Intercourse Act
• Trade with both England and France reestablished
• First nation to respect American rights wins halt
  of U.S. trade with the other
• Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but
  reneges when trade reopened
• 1811 American troops under William Henry
  Harrison, defeated Shawnee Indians under Tecumseh
  at Tippecanoe
• Prophets Town burned to the ground
• Indian defeat attributed to superior weapons of
  Americans

12
The War of 1812 Background

• James Madison becomes President in 1812 for
  second term
• Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to
  preserve American honor
• War Hawks young Democratic-Republicans from the
  western states who wanted to establish America as
  an honorable nation
• They believed that the Indians were being
  supported by the British, and in order to
  suppress future Indian resistances, they had to
  stop British arms supply to Indians from Canada

13
The War of 1812

• June 1, 1812 President Madison sent England
  American grievances
• British Navys seizure of Americans
• Blockade of American goods
• Indian conflicts supported by British
• June 18, 1812 Congress voted to declare war on
  England
• War fought between 1812 and 1815 between U.S. and
  Britain
• Americans not at all prepared for war with
  superior British military and navy
• Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes
• New England refuses to support war effort
• United States Army small and state militias
  inadequate

14
The War of 1812

• Americans follow a 3-pronged attack on Canada by
  striking from Niagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain
• All 3 attempts failed
• Tecumseh fighting for the British captured
  Detroit in 1812
• Sept. 1813 U.S. troops under Perry, gain control
  of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay (Lake
  Erie)
• Oct. 1813 U.S. troops under Henry Harrison
  defeated Tecumsehs Indian warriors, in Battle of
  the Thames. Tecumseh killed in battle
• 1814 English defeated Napoleon, freeing up
  troops for war in U.S

15
The War of 1812
16
Fighting on Many Fronts

• March, 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend, defeat of
  Red Sticks by Andrew Jackson, and the resulting
  Treaty gave U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land
• August 24, 1814 Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland,
  and the burning of the Capitol and White House by
  the British
• Americans fight back and win the Battle of
  Baltimore
• Victory at Baltimore inspired Francis Scott Key
  to write the Star Spangled Banner
• January, 1815 The Battle of New Orleans, an
  overwhelming victory for Jackson, against
  superior British forces

17
War Ends Treaty of Ghent, 1815

• Fall of 1814 Madison decides to end the war
• John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, sent to Ghent,
  Belgium, to start peace talks
• British make demands on America, but after their
  losses in the battles, withdrew the demands
• War ended in a draw with no one victor
• No new territory for either side, no concessions
  from Britain
• Still, the War of 1812 considered by many
  Americans as a victory for the nation
• America and Britain never again fought against
  each other, as enemies
• Congress ratified the Treaty of Ghent in Feb.
  1815

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Hartford Convention 1814

• Dec. 1814, Federalists from Massachusetts,
  Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and
  Vermont sent delegates to Hartford, Connecticut
• Impatient with war and its effect on economy
• Demanded federal aid to states to compensate for
  loss of revenue from disrupted trade
• Some state delegates threatened to secede from
  the Union
• Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power
  of South and West
• Treaty of Ghent, victory at New Orleans makes
  Convention and its members appear disloyal
• Federalist party never recovers

19
James Monroe

• 1816 James Monroe (Dem-Rep.) became President
• Federalist Party in bad shape after War of 1812
  and the Hartford Convention where they had
  threatened to secede from the Union
• Monroe optimistic about state of the Union, since
  the boundaries were secure, Indian threat had
  been pushed further west, America had won a war
  against Britain again
• Monroe signed treaty with Britain, setting
  U.S.-Canada border at 49th parallel
• Monroe urged Congress for approving construction
  of roads and canals, to improve the nation's
  economy and industry

20
Praise Respect for Veterans after the War

• American Veterans of the War of 1812 were treated
  with respect by all
• Congress awarded Veterans a grant of 160-acre
  plots of land between Illinois and Mississippi
  rivers to reward them for their services
• Grant encouraged many to move west and settle in
  homesteads
• Many veterans became politicians (Andrew Jackson,
  William Henry Harrison)
• Indian veterans such as Major Ridge (Cherokee
  leader) accorded American respect
• Ridge advocated for Native Americans to retain
  Native American lands, in spite of absorbing
  Western culture into his own life

21
A Thriving Economy

• Internal migration Many choose to move to the
  west to look for better economic opportunities
• Embargo Act and War of 1812 help boost national
  manufacturing and economy
• Philadelphia became nations top industrial city
  of the time
• New means of transportation also boosts economy
• Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback
• 1807 Robert Fulton introduces the steamboat
• 1810 Building of turnpikes Cumberland Road

22
Changes in the Workplace

• Industrial Revolution changed the way people had
  been living until then
• Changed from small shops with skilled workers, to
  larger establishments using unskilled workers
• Performed repetitive tasks under supervision of
  boss
• New England mechanized textile production
• Rhode Island followed Lowell model of
  manufacturing
• Role of young women changed forever

23
The Market Revolution

• Powerful economic changes fueled by improvements
  in transportation, increasing commercialization,
  rise of factories, and changes to average
  Americans life
• Mid-nineteenth century, U.S. dramatically
  different than U.S. of 1776.
• Transportation barriers between country and city
  fall
• Entrepreneurs start putting out system
  merchant-capitalists
• Restless Americans with great acquisitiveness
• Western Indians suffer, children and women work
  in factories, slaves are pushed harder

24
Rise of Cotton Plantation Economy

• Cotton production increased due to invention of
  cotton gin, Louisiana Purchase
• Resulted in boom in slavery
• 1808 U.S. bans importation of slaves
• Need for labor results in slave trade between
  states (domestic)
• African Americans reinforce African culture,
  tradition and family bonds, in everyday life,
  resulting in harsher laws from Whites

25
Regional Economies of the South

• Shifts in production methods and the depleted
  tobacco-growing soil led to more crafts
  production, cultivation of wheat and corn.
• South Carolina and Georgia Technical advances in
  rice production and cotton cultivation
• Louisiana Territory Cotton and New Orleans sugar

26
Black Family Life and Labor

• Increasing birth rate and strong family ties
  among the slaves
• Newcomers adopted as relations
• Large plantations had more 2-parent families than
  the smaller farms
• The task system (rice plantations) and the gang
  system (cotton plantations)
• Forms of labor
• Work under white supervision
• Private work including tending gardens, working
  on living quarters
• Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods

27
Resistance to Slavery

• Retaining African cultural traditions
• Artistic, dress, language
• Intentional careless work
• Theft of masters goods
• Running away
• Revolt
• 1811 St. Charles and St. John the Baptist
  parishes in Louisiana. (Charles Deslondes)

28
Conclusion

• Louisiana Purchase doubled size of country, and
  increased potential for growth and westward
  movement
• Embargo Act and War of 1812 remove British threat
• War boosted manufacturing (North) and plantation
  economy (South)
• Lords of the lash and Lords of the loom
  depended heavily on slaves for labor
• Great life for whites, and harsh life for blacks