Biometrics in Business

1
Biometrics in Business

• Cameron Johnson
• Brett Cole
• PJ Tantillo
• Matt Schilling

2
Introduction

• The kind of security we once associated with
  secret agents and top government facilities has
  become available for the average person.
• We now have ATM cards that use a fingerprint as
  the pin code.
• We have systems that can read the image of an eye
  or the way you type on a keyboard.
• Soon we will be able to use the heat signature of
  the face as a password into secured information.

3
Intro (Cont.)

• The presentation topics will be presented by the
  following people.
• Matt Schilling will introduce Biometrics and
  present the drawbacks of this technology
• Cameron Johnson will present the history of
  biometrics and how a basic system functions.
• Phillip Tantillo, known as PJ, will be giving the
  audience current business uses for biometric
  security.
• Brett Cole will present the three top benefits.

4
Intro (Cont.)

• What you can expect from our presentation and
  outline.
• This presentation is meant to provide an overview
  of the biometric topic to enable our classmates
  to make an educated decision on their companys
  security.
• Questions are welcome at the end of the
  presentation.
• The reasons you need to know this information.
• Information has become an important resource for
  many companies. Protecting this information in
  todays world requires innovative security.
• Current key card, metal key, and password only
  security is continually breached on personal and
  large corporation levels.
• Several companies have been in the news,
  including the Veterans Administration, for having
  lost large amounts of personal data including
  social security numbers.
• Because the security recognition tool is a part
  of the user it can not be lost or stolen,
  reducing the liability risk of the company.

5
History of Biometrics

• Definition for Biometrics Biometrics image
  discrimination (BID) is a field of biometrics,
  the statistical analysis of biological
  characteristics. The origin of the word
  biometrics according to Dictionary.com states bio
  is Greek for life and metria is Greek for
  measuring.

6
History (Cont.)

• The idea of biometrics has been around for a long
  time. Even in the bible a reference to measuring
  some biological behavior can be found.
• The Book of Judges (12 56) reports that the men
  of Gilead identified enemy Ephraimites in their
  midst by making suspected Ephraimites say
  Shibboleth. When a suspect answered Sibboleth,
  for he could not pronounce it right then they
  seized him and slew him at the fords of the
  Jordan. And there fell at that time forty-two
  thousand of the Ephraimites.

7
History (Cont.)

• Ancient peoples new that our physical
  characteristics were to some extent unique. They
  used the individual characteristics in the same
  way we do now, however we have technology to
  reduce the risk of miss identification.
• In Egypts Nile Valley, traders were formally
  identified based on physical characteristics such
  as height, eye color, and complexion.
• Fingerprinting can be traced as far back as the
  14th century in China. Though the use was most
  likely as a signature and the unique
  identification abilities of the fingerprint not
  entirely known.

8
History

• In the 1800s man started formalizing the
  measurement of human traits for identification.
• The first formalized identification analysis was
  called Bertillonage. It was based on the
  measurement of 14 different aspects of a human
  body. Developed by Alphonse Bertillon, it was a
  method for identifying criminals.

9
History

• Modern biometrics truly began in the 1970s when
  the first commercial use technology was put into
  action.
• One of the first commercial applications was
  used in 1972 when a Wall Street company, Shearson
  Hamil, installed Identimat, a finger-measurement
  device that served as a time keeping and
  monitoring application.

10
History

• Events like 9/11, the information leaks of the
  Veterans administration, and several other
  companies who lost large amounts of data have
  increased visibility of the need for better
  security technology.

11
How a Biometrics System Works
http//www.youtube.com/watch?veJxbc8Vl-fo
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How Biometrics Work

• Identification of suitable traits to be measured.
• Traits being measured must meet a certain group
  of criteria. According to Anil Jain (1999) in her
  book Biometrics Personal Identification in
  Networked Society these include universality,
  uniqueness, permanence and collectability.
• All traits used for biometrics can be divided
  between behavioral and genetic. An example of
  genetic is your fingerprint, which is not changed
  by experience. Behavioral measures are signatures
  and how you use a computer mouse, which are
  different per person and experiences.

13
How Biometrics Work

• Data Acquisition/ Enrollment
• Biometric systems use stored data to compare a
  current reading to identify the user. Acquiring
  data is necessary for the system to start
  functioning. Only previously recorded patterns
  will be recognized by the system.
• For enrollment-multiple samples are taken because
  the match performance of certain algorithms can
  benefit from considering multiple samples at the
  time of enrollment.
• The biometrics data generally exists in the
  following three forms 1) waveform (e. g., voice,
  signature data), 2) images (e. g., face images,
  fingerprints, palm prints or image sequences, i.
  e., video) and 3) geometric data (e. g., face or
  hand geometric shapes).
• A persons traits, such as their voice, may
  change over time and require re-entry.
• There is a certain percentage failure rate to
  acquire the information from an individual for
  each different biometric technology. This rate
  reflects the overall reliability of a system.

14
How Biometrics Work

• Data Reading and Processing
• First a sensor takes a reading of some unit
  fingerprint, voice, etc.
• Each type of biometric will have a unique sensor
  device.
• The sensor will send the raw measurements.
• The sensor sends the information along a
  Transmission Channel.
• The transmission channel can be a private
  intranet, local area network (LAN) , wide area
  network (WAN) or the internet.
• The number of entries and the distance of the
  network will affect the reaction time to a
  reading.

15
How Biometrics Work

• Signal Processing is next.
• Signal processing, sometimes referred to as image
  processing, is a class of algorithms used to
  remove irrelevant noise from data or to help
  enhance important features.
• The raw material from the sensor is used to
  create a template which can be compared to other
  templates that were made in the data acquisition
  process.
• This process is called Segmentation, and
  consists of algorithms that strip out irrelevant
  information and use the rest for the template.
• The template is given a quality score and then
  the template is compared to the stored templates
  and given a match score.

16
How Biometrics Work

• The final process is the Decision itself.
• The score from the signal processing is used
  against decision criteria which would consist of
  the lowest score acceptable. If the score was in
  acceptable range the person is allowed access.
• Some systems allow for a dynamic threshold which
  can be tied to the value or the importance of a
  particular transaction. This allows for some
  areas to be harder to access than others.
• One to one matches are called verifications, and
  take place when the system is given a template to
  compare the incoming information with.
  Identification is the process of searching an
  entire database for the template that matches the
  incoming information.

17
How Biometrics Work

• Specific features of face, eye and voice
  recognition systems.
• Facial recognition is young technology that looks
  at specific parts of the face that do not change
  significantly over time.
• One face recognition technology is called local
  feature analysis. Upper sections of eye sockets,
  area surrounding the cheek bones, the sides of
  the mouth, and the distance between the eyes are
  all looked at in this method.
• A second method of face recognition is called the
  eigenface method. It focuses on the face as a
  whole and uses a collection of facial images to
  generate a two-dimensional gray-scale image to
  produce a biometric template.

18
How Biometrics Work

• Retina and Iris identification are similar and
  coincide with each other.
• It combines technologies from several fields
  including computer vision, pattern recognition,
  statistical interference and optics.
• The goal of the technology is near-instant,
  highly accurate recognition of a person's
  identity based on a digitally represented image
  of the scanned eye.
• While most biometric systems have 13 to 60
  distinct characteristics, the iris has 266 unique
  spots.
• Each eye is believed to be unique and remain
  stable over time and across environments.

19
How Biometrics Work

• Voice biometrics work by digitizing a profile of
  a person's speech to produce a stored model voice
  print.
• It reduces each spoken word to segments composed
  of several dominant frequencies known as
  formants.
• Each segment has several tones that can be
  captured in a digital format.
• The tones collectively identify the speaker's
  unique voice print.
• Voice prints are stored in databases in a manner
  similar to the storing of fingerprints or other
  biometrics.
• A person's speech is subject to change depending
  on health and emotional state. Matching a voice
  print requires that the person speak in the
  normal voice that was used when the template was
  created.

20
Current and Future Biometric Systems

• Percent of Market per Biometric Type
• Source International Biometric Group, New York,
  NY 1.212.809.9491

21
Current and Future Biometrics

• The current biometric systems available consist
  of fingerprint and hand scanner, iris scanner,
  retina scanner, voice recognition, keystroke
  dynamics, signature recognition, and facial scan.
• The future of biometric systems are vein pattern,
  facial thermographs, D.N.A. recognition, sweat
  pore recognition, hand grip measurements,
  fingernail bed dynamics, body odor, ear
  recognition, gait measurements, skin
  luminescence, and brain wave patterns.

22
Total Biometric Revenues 1999-2005
Source International Biometric Group, New York,
NY 1.212.809.9491
23
Case Study 1

• Case Study1 SmartMetric INC., out of New York
  City specializes in using fingerprint scanners on
  A.T.M. cards.
• It is billed as the worlds first truly portable
  biometric device by the company.
• The scanner works by storing the fingerprint
  template of the user in the card. Then to use
  the card the owner puts his finger on the card to
  activate it.
• The sensor is 99.999 accurate, and if there is a
  misreading the user can reapply his fingerprint
  and the reader will work.
• The company states that this new technology will
  make ATM machines more secure because the
  information is never in plain view and cannot be
  obtained.

24
Case Study 2

• Case Study 2 Polysius Corp. is a specialty parts
  manufacturer for large scale factory
  environments.
• As a solution for passwords and keycards the
  company implemented a keystroke dynamic biometric
  system produced by Biopassword Inc.
• The keystroke dynamic system analyzes the manner
  in which people press the keys of a keyboard as
  they enter their passwords or other required
  authorization info.
• The company has found great benefit now that the
  system is in place. The lack of keycards and
  other losable items has helped to win the
  employees of the company over.
• The IT manager Jim Krochmal states Now that
  everyone is past that point( enrollment) I dont
  ever really hear about it.

25
Case Study 3

• Case Study 3 Scott Air Force Base is currently
  using a hand-geometry system to improve base
  access security.
• An expert team recently visited Scott A.F.B.to
  determine if the biometrics system was working
  well. They determined that not only was the
  system performing above expectations, but it was
  also saving money due to less manpower.
• The system uses biometric hand recognition and a
  pin number to provide double security.
• From June till September 2003 the team did a
  study which had no false admittance reported
  during the studied time period.
• The team also tried to deceive the system by
  entering the pin number and using a different
  handprint. The system never failed.
• Other benefits of the system included speed of
  entry, ease of use, and simplicity of access for
  the user.

26
Benefits of Biometrics

• Security
• Biometric data are unique characteristics of the
  human body. The likelihood of two people sharing
  identical biometric data is almost zero.
• Systems can be overwhelmed with new passwords and
  keys can be duplicated.
• It is impossible to give an exact duplicate of
  your face or hand to another person.
• New technologies are also ensuring that the
  biometric data is from a live person, so data
  cannot be forged.
• An I.D. can be lost, but biometric data can only
  be lost by a serious accident causing loss of
  limb.
• Each person carries the passwords to an estimated
  average of 20 computer functions and websites
  around in their head - so it is no wonder that
  they frequently forget them. Biometric data is
  always with you.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmeisKzGM3x8

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Benefits of Biometrics

• Maintenance
• Most biometric measurements only need to be
  updated after many years have allowed for the
  feature to change. Our voices change over time,
  but after puberty the change is very slow.
• Locks and keys need to be changed frequently in
  cases where heavy security is a concern.
• The system eliminates the burden, the expense
  and the shortcomings of the previous card-based
  system as an employee can no longer exchange or
  borrow cards if she/he has lost or mislaid their
  card
• The lack of updating allows for less time spent
  by employees having to get new cards, keys or
  passwords.

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Benefits of Biometrics

• Track Peoples Movement
• The biometric systems allow the tracking of
  people through the system.
• Since the information cannot be falsified a
  person will be unable to contradict the
  information
• It offers the company a full audit trail of which
  employees have been where and when.

29
Disadvantages of Biometrics

• High cost of implementing new technologies.
• High quality images require training and skill
  which will increase cost of implementation.
• Transferring to a new system will include the
  technology costs as well, which range from
  reasonable for fingerprint technology to very
  expensive for the newest technologies.
• As computer equipment and programs continue to
  become more affordable so will these
  applications.

30
Disadvantages of Biometrics

• Public Misunderstanding of the technology.
• There is a degree of negative public perception
  (People may not want to give up their prints for
  criminal implications or touching the same sensor
  as everyone else.)
• People dont understand the technology so they
  have unnecessary fears like a fear to have their
  eye scanned from a light source.

31
Disadvantages of Biometrics

• Not all people can easily use the systems.
• People who are handicapped may not be able to use
  some devices, especially those missing limbs.
• People who are sick with diabetes or the flu may
  not be able to use some Iris scanners or voice
  scanners.
• A persons age or job occupation may cause
  problems with capturing a quality image. For
  instance people who work heavily with their hands
  can wear out their fingerprints over time, making
  it difficult to get a reading or enroll.

32
Conclusion

• Biometric systems are systems used to improve
  security and recognition by reading and comparing
  the biological traits of a user.
• The advantages of biometrics are
• Heightened Security
• Lower maintenance than current security systems
• The ability to have a record of the location and
  actions of people in a facility or on a system.
• The disadvantages of biometrics are
• A high cost of implementing new technology.
• Public misunderstanding of the systems.
• Not all people can easily use the systems.

33
Conclusion

• Our group believes that the disadvantages of
  biometrics are not significant enough to
  discourage the implementation of this technology.
  Even now these disadvantages are being phased out
  through new systems, and accommodations for those
  who might have a hard time using them.
• Our group believes as information continues to
  become more valuable to everyone, whether it be
  personal identity or the newest cutting edge
  secrets of corporate America, biometrics will be
  the technology to secure that information in the
  future.

34
Quiz

• Which is not a benefit of biometrics?
• Security
• Maintenance
• Privacy issues
• Track peoples movement

35
Quiz

• What was the first formalized analysis called?
• Bario
• Linguine
• Manegetra
• Bertillonage

36
Quiz

• Which are traits of biometrics?
• A. Behavioral
• B. Temperament
• C. Genetic
• D. All of the above
• E. Both A C

37
Questions