EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES
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ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

• A formal body of knowledge discovered, developed,
  and disseminated through scholarly research and
  inquiry

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

• A body of knowledge
• A conceptual framework
• Scholarly procedures and methods of inquiry
• Both the process of discovery and the end result

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES

• Numerous disciplines provide the content and
  methods of scientific inquiry used by researchers
  in these fields

• Biology
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Chemistry
• Biochemistry
• Physics
• History
• Philosophy
• Psychology
• Sociology

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EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

• The study of bodily functions under the stress of
  muscular activity
• Based on an understanding of the anatomic and
  physiological bases of human movement
• Investigates the biochemical reactions that
  supply muscles with energy
• Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and
  other physiological parameters

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MOTOR LEARNING

• The study of the cognitive processes underlying
  motor acts associated with skill acquisition
  through practice and experience
• Important to the learning of motor skills are
• Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and
  skills
• Transfer of learning
• Involvement of cognitive processes
• Types of practice sessions
• Feedback
• Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned
  through motor control, motor learning adds
  knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal
  practice methods

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MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

• The maturation and changes in motor behavior
  throughout life
• Performance of motor skills is influenced by
  genetic, environmental, and developmental factors
• Throughout life, individuals progress from
  unskilled movements to the learning of complex
  motor patterns
• Perceptual-motor skills are especially important
  to the learning of sport skills

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SPORT BIOMECHANICS

• The study of the effects of natural laws and
  forces on the body through the science and
  mechanics of movement
• Factors that influence human movement include
• Force of muscular contractions
• Flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of
  muscles
• Composition of muscle fibers
• Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of
  support
• Transfer of momentum
• Force absorption
• Leverage
• Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration,
  energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity

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SPORT HISTORY

• The descriptive and analytical examination of
  significant people, events, or organizations and
  trends that shaped the past
• Descriptive history explains
• Events
• Individuals contributions
• Pivotal happenings
• Analytical history explains
• The significance of historical occurrences
• Interpretations within the societal context

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SPORT MANAGEMENT

• The study of the management of personnel,
  programs, budgets, and facilities in various
  sports settings
• Includes these management functions planning,
  organizing, directing, and evaluating
• Involves business components of marketing,
  accounting, economics, finance, and law

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ATHLETIC TRAINING

• The study and application of the prevention,
  treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries
• Design and help implement conditioning programs
• Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid
  
• Provide preventive taping and treatment
  modalities
• Work with physicians to help athletes regain
  their abilities to perform

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SPORT PHILOSOPHY

• Analyzes sport from aesthetic, epistemological,
  metaphysical, and ethical perspectives
• Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and
  bad in sport
• Seeks an understanding of how and why people play
  and engage in sport

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SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY

• The study of human behavior in sport, including
  an understanding of the mental processes that
  interact with motor skill performance
• Includes a study of the theories of learning,
  importance of reinforcement, and linkages of
  perceptual and motor factors
• Involves a understanding of achievement
  motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality
  development

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SPORT SOCIOLOGY

• The study of the social units and processes
  within the sporting context
• Seeking to understand why people play and how
  their involvement with sports influences them
• Examines concepts such as social mobility, class
  and gender stratification, racial and ethnic
  discrimination, team dynamics, and social
  consciousness and values

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ

• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  oxygen utilization during cardiovascular exercise
  and metabolic responses to exercise and training?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences
  describes and analyzes the past?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  how people learn skills, especially through
  practice and feedback?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences studies
  how sport impacts social units, processes, and
  institutions?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes
  the impact of motion, force, and energy on sport
  performance?

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EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES QUIZ

• Which of the exercise and sport sciences analyzes
  the developmental patterns associated with
  movement and skill performance?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses
  extensive knowledge of the body to help athletes
  stay injury free and return to competition
  safely?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences seeks to
  understand why people act as they do based on
  their values?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences involves
  providing sports products and managing sporting
  events?
• Which of the exercise and sport sciences uses
  various mental coping strategies to aid sports
  performances?

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TECHNOLOGY

• Incorporates the use of computer software as a
  tool to achieve physical education, exercise
  science, and sport goals
• Exercise and sport scientists use technology
  hardware and software to help in the analysis of
  human movement, to measure the effectiveness of
  exercise programs on bodily functions, and for
  data collection and analysis
• The Web provides access to professional journals
  and other needed information

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HUMANITIES

• Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of movement,
  such as through art, literature, and music
• Art includes various forms of dance and
  sculptures and frescos of athletes and human
  movement
• Literature can include sports biographies as well
  as analytical critiques about sport and physical
  activity
• Music can accompany human movement to enrich the
  experience