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I am not here to persuade you about the usefulness o

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I am not here to persuade you about the usefulness or limitations of ... Chief Cartographer, Chief Technologist and VP of BizDev for Rand McNally (1986-1999) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: I am not here to persuade you about the usefulness o


1
Before We Start
  • I am not here to persuade you about the
    usefulness or limitations of Neogeography or User
    Generated Content
  • I am here to share my views on issues relating to
    the topic of spatial data quality and
    neogeography
  • Disclaimer - In general, my observations derive
    from my familiarity with mapping, navigation and
    local search

2
My Background
  • PhD in Geography, specializing in Cartography
  • Attended AutoCarto 1 in 1974 (and gave the
    keynote in 2008)
  • Associate Professor of mapping and geography at
    SUNY Albany (19721985)
  • Associate at Spad Systems
  • Chief Cartographer, Chief Technologist and VP of
    BizDev for Rand McNally (1986-1999)
  • CTO and EVP of Engineering for go2 Systems (YP
    over cell phones)
  • Now run a consulting business focused on
    geospatial, especially local search, mapping and
    navigation applications

3
Data Quality and Neogeography
  • Dr. Mike Dobson
  • President
  • TeleMapics LLC
  • mwd_at_telemapics.com

4
Spatial Data Quality?
  • Overall concern regarding the fitness of data
    for a particular use
  • Accuracy of position
  • resolution
  • Accuracy of Attribution
  • Logical Consistency
  • Completeness
  • Including spatial coverage
  • Temporal relevance
  • Metadata

5
Spatial Datas Emerging Popularity
  • World of spatial data is exploding
  • Accessibility to spatial data increasing
  • Availability of spatial data increasing
  • Todays online environment provides
  • Easy-to-use tools for collecting spatial data
  • Easy-to-use tools for analyzing spatial data
  • Easy-to-use tools for presenting spatial data

6
Why Is This of Concern?
  • The quality of spatial data mitigates the success
    of communicating spatial concepts
  • Could this explosive growth have an influence on
    the quality of spatial data?

7
Why Data Quality Is Key
8
No Integrity!
9
Neogeography
  • Neogeography
  • new geography using non-traditional tools
  • Neogeographers
  • Want to communicate/share their interests in
    geography and are willing to do something about it

10
NeoGeos
  • What Roles do Neogeographers play in the process
    of communicating spatial data?
  • Data collectors database creators
  • Data analyzers
  • Data Presenters
  • While all three roles impact or are influenced by
    data quality, today I will focus on
    neogeographers and data collection /database
    creation

11
Spatial Data Quality and Neogeography
  • In order to help you understand my persuasion on
    data quality and neogeography, I would like to
    explore User Generated Content
  • UGC is one of the primary means that
    neogeographers use to express their interest in
    Geography
  • On this journey we will loop outside of geography
    and then fall back in through mapping and other
    uses of spatial data.

12
User Generated Content?
  • Content that is produced by users of web sites
    and digital media
  • Contrasted with traditional media producers such
    as broadcasters, production companies publishing
    companies and map database companies

13
So Whats Important About UGC?
  • Equality of opportunity to publish
  • Coupled with one of the most significant
    demographic trends in the last century
  • Its about me (e.g. use of YouTube, MySpace,
    Facebook)
  • Especially in respect to the streets, roads and
    trails I travel, as well as the POIs I frequent
    and the spatial topics of interest to me

14
Social Networking
15
How Did This Happen?
  • Technology that allows you to be connected, as
    well as to communicate and collaborate on your
    own terms
  • Internet
  • Cellular telephony
  • Development of comprehensive spatial databases
  • Pushing geospatial into the mainstream
    -Neogeography

16
How Did This Happen?
  • Networks provide for
  • Collective intelligence the hive mentality or
    perhaps the Borg
  • Aggregated knowledge from decentralized sources
    (Wikipedia Wikinomics)
  • Low cost collaboration

17
UGC Potential Benefits
  • Linuss law
  • With enough eyes all bugs (spatial errors) become
    trivial
  • Contributors exhibit
  • Self selection
  • Focus
  • Self benefit
  • Numerousness
  • There should be more interested spatial data
    contributors than professional map editors
  • Spatial distribution
  • The distribution of UGCers is more ubiquitous
    than that of professional map editors.

18
Criticisms Of UGC
  • Some error situations are too complex to be
    understood real-time
  • Usability may be low
  • May require extensive error checking
  • User priorities may lead to unreliability
  • Prejudice in responses

19
Lake What Road?
20
Not enough Contributors -Data Points?
21
User Priorities - Oooops
22
Prejudice in Response?
23
Prejudice in Response
24
UGC And Spatial Databases
25
Spatial Database Creation
26
Whats Being Optimized In The Previous Process?
  • spatial data quality
  • Accuracy of position
  • resolution
  • Accuracy of Attribution
  • Logical Consistency
  • Completeness
  • Including spatial coverage
  • Temporal relevance
  • Metadata

27
How Optimized?
  • Data Quality is an integral part of the process
  • Initially
  • Data collected according to specifications
  • Bad data re-collected or placed in the update
    queue
  • Ongoing
  • Every year significant spatial changes are
    accommodated.
  • Areas of high change are identified and updated.
  • Other changes are found by systematically working
    research teams through the entire coverage over
    time
  • The overall assignment is designed to maximize
    the time value of money, while increasing the
    integrity of the database.

28
Harmonization
  • It is this attempt to actively harmonize all data
    that distinguishes database building efforts.
  • Important Issues
  • Who directs crowdsourced data from an editorial
    perspective?
  • Who sets standards for crowdsourced data?
  • Who Quality Controls crowdsourced data?
  • What external guidance exists in crowdsourced
    systems ?

29
Three Categories of Spatial Data
  • Controlled data
  • OS, Navteq, TeleAtlas, INFOusa
  • Hybrid (a mix of controlled and uncontrolled
    data)
  • Google, Yahoo, MSN, TomTom
  • Crowdsourced (uncontrolled)
  • OSM, Flickr, etc

30
Issue
  • It is possible to manage controlled data quality
    to meet specific requirements
  • It is possible to manage hybrid data quality to
    meet specific requirements
  • But can you manage crowdsourced data quality to
    meet specific requirements on a reliable basis?
  • Lets look at database compilation for some
    insights

31
Compilation
  • Commercial
  • Training in compilation
  • Specialization
  • Staff size limited
  • Research limited
  • Sweat of the brow
  • But salaried sweat of the brow
  • Wiki
  • Self Selection
  • Local experience
  • Staff size potentially unlimited
  • Research hours potentially unlimited
  • Avocation

32
Compare and Contrast
  • Commercial
  • What are my coverage goals?
  • What are my accuracy goals?
  • How Much can I spend on updating?
  • What size of capable staff can I afford?
  • How well can I pay them?
  • How can I otherwise incent them to create the
    best database possible?
  • WIKI
  • How many people will contribute?
  • How many are capable?
  • Where are they located?
  • Does this match areas of weak coverage?
  • How long will it take to get good results over
    large coverages?
  • How to motivate these collaborators over long
    periods?

33
What Are The Potential Weaknesses of WIKI?
  • Common issues
  • Not enough data gatherers to validate the data
  • or a method to redeploy them
  • Not enough coverage to meet the need (the
    distribution of the UGCers)
  • Or a method to redeploy them
  • Lack of Standards
  • Lack of Quality Control
  • But all of these limitation can be accommodated

34
Getting Around Some UGC Issues
35
Are Other Types of Spatial Databases Superior?
  • Even with the benefits of Moolah () -Major
    navigation databases are
  • Out of date
  • Inaccurate
  • Non-comprehensive
  • Variable quality
  • Too expensive to maintain
  • Navteq database extension and update costs in
    2007 were over 300,000,000

36
www.refnum.com/osm/gmaps/Haywards Heath
37
And Thats Why UGC and Neogeographers
  • Will become an integral part of building spatial
    databases
  • Hybrid data collection systems using UCG and
    controlled data are where geospatial is going
  • Lets look

38
Old Information Sharing
39
New Information Sharing
40
Whats The New Process
41
Social Networking Tools Of Interest in Compilation
42
Spatial Data Collection
  • Some UGC will be active
  • User connects to an app and enters relevant
    spatial data for updating or extending a spatial
    database
  • Some UGC will be passive
  • Device tracks and reports (anonymously) user
    paths, builds database by merging path
    information over time
  • Passive is particularly useful in building
    navigation databases

43
Relative Cost
44
Relative Accuracy
45
Summing UP
  • Data Collection Systems
  • Closed commercial compilation efforts, no UGC
  • Open WIKI approaches, no proprietary data
  • Hybrid where geospatial is going
  • Advantages spatial data accuracy by contributing
    the best of both approaches.

46
Raises These Questions
  • Will the winners be
  • Established commercial companies that capitalize
    on UGC to augment their data?
  • New competitors that commercialize UGC and
    augment these data to compete with established
    commercial systems?

47
PND Data Flow A Winner
48
UGC Open Street Data Flow No Medal
49
Commercializing UGC
50
Relative Benefits Of Types Of UGC By Device
51
Why We Need UGC and Neogeographers
52
Thanks
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