SexualityReproduction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 49
About This Presentation
Title:

SexualityReproduction

Description:

It's about being completely at ease with another person-and feeling good about ... Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop suggested that many of the serious ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:94
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 50
Provided by: learnS
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: SexualityReproduction


1
Sexuality/Reproduction
2
Definitions
  • Sexuality - the condition of being characterized
    and distinguished by sex (Microsoft Encarta 97
    Encyclopedia).

3
Definitions
  • We are sexual beings throughout our lifespan.
    Sex is an expression of love. It's not about
    sperm swimming up vaginas it's about tenderness,
    the desire to please someone we care about. It's
    about being completely at ease with another
    person-and feeling good about that (Cadoff 1997).

4
Sexual Health
  • involves both promotion and prevention behaviors
    and the nurturing of healthy personal sexual
    lives.

5
Children
  • It is important to raise confident,
    compassionate, and kind children, which will
    teach them more about how to behave in their
    adult relationships than any discussion of
    anatomy

6
Early Sexual Needs
  • Teach infants them that people who care about
    them will respond to their needs
  • When they cry you pick them up gently and speak
    softly
  • You feed them when they're hungry,
  • tuck an extra blanket around them when they're
    chilly.
  • (Cadoff 1997).

7
Sexual Responses in Infants
  • Boys have erections from infancy.
  • Frequently explore their genitals
  • by the age of ten months deliberately fondle
    themselves
  • By age 3 understand the concept of public versus
    private behavior.
  • One of the biggest jobs parents have is
    teaching children what's appropriate under what
    circumstances (Cadoff 1997).

8
Importance of Role Modeling
  • Children learn how to form happy, loving
    relationships by growing up in a happy, loving
    home.
  • From their parents' hugs, passing kisses, and
    friendly pats, a child sees love in operation.
  • Many adults whose families never expressed
    affection just don't know how (Cadoff 1997).

9
Childhood Victimization Leads to
  • Variety of negative health behavioral
    consequences
  • prostitution,
  • promiscuity
  • teenage pregnancy

10
Adolescence
  • Our sexuality, integration of gender sexual
    orientation with self-expression, takes center
    stage in adolescence (Brown 1994).
  • The physical, emotional, cognitive growth
    hallmark of the period forms the basis of to
    develop maintain trusting and intimate
    relationships.

11
Antrhopological Findings
  • Margaret Mead hypothesized that the crisis of
    adolescent sexuality in our society was a
    function of the complexities turbulence of the
    social system would not exist in a simpler
    culture.
  • Her study of female adolescents in Samoa
    concluded that puberty, uninhibited sexual
    activity, and pregnancy did not disrupt the lives
    of these young women.
  • Adolescent pregnancy and sexuality were accepted
    as natural lifecycle events.

12
Media Portrayal of Sexuality
  • The media in the U.S. reflect the "Jekyll and
    Hyde" attitudes regarding sexuality
  • We extol the excitement of sex, we condemn sex
    at a young age premarital sex (Tobias 1998).
  • A reluctance to discuss or portray responsible
    sexual behavior instead offer mindless
    constant display of titillating sexuality.
  • Our society bombards our adolescents with images
    glamorizing sexual activity.
  • Historically, messages of sexual responsibility
    including contraception have been taboo.

13
Piaget's Model
  • The completion of developmental tasks complements
    the gradual shift in adolescent cognitive styles.
  • Adolescents move from concrete to formal
    operations, developing the ability to think
    abstractly.
  • The rate of acquisition of these skills is highly
    variable,
  • sometimes spanning 10-15 years, with only 35 of
    16- to 17-year-olds possessing the ability to
    move beyond concrete operations.

14
Concrete-thinking adolescents
  • Lack the ability to understand consequences of
    high-risk behavior.
  • Difficulty understanding cause effect.
  • Explanations are based on past experience
    regardless of relevance.
  • may leap to the assumption they cannot get
    pregnant fail to understand the need for
    contraception if unprotected intercourse on 1 or
    2 occasions without getting pregnant
  • Wrongly assume that if no obvious symptoms they
    cannot be infected with a STD (Tobias 1998).

15
Adolescents are at elevated risk for HIV infection
  • Disproportionate impact on minorities.
  • More than half the adolescents in the US are
    sexually active,
  • 86 of men are sexually active by age 19
  • (Braverman 1993).

16
Age at first intercourse (Blum)
  • Age Female Male
  • 10-11 6.4 14.5
  • 12-13 17.0 22.0
  • 14-15 42.8 37.6
  • 16-17 33.2 25.0

17
Gay Youth
  • Feelings of homosexual attraction in a Minnesota
    study
  • 5.2 of 12th -grade males and
  • 8.5 of 11th -grade females reported (Braverman
    1993 p 66 1).
  • Sexual orientation is believed to have a
    biological etiology since identical twins have
    similar sexual orientation
  • (Braverman 1993 p 662).

18
Adults
19
Infertility Treatment
  • Infertility is defined as having no pregnancy
    after a year of unprotected regular intercourse.

20
Current Options
  • Couples with concerns about infertility currently
    have several options.
  • medical help,
  • adoption,
  • becoming foster parents,
  • using alternative therapies,
  • focusing on other life goals.
  • In one study of 131 infertile couples, the
    medical option was chosen in more than 80 of the
    cases. The most frequently mentioned motive was
    the desire to have a child
  • (Van Balen 1997).

21
Infertility Treatment
  • It has been nineteen years since the birth of the
    first baby via in vitro fertilization.
  • New techniques that may soon become available
  • intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
  • preimplantation genetic diagnosis,
  • use of fetal oocytes, and
  • cryopreservation of ovarian tissue.
  • genetic cloning.

22
Elderly
  • Common myths / misinformation on sexuality
  • intercourse and ejaculation of semen are
    debilitating will hasten the onset of old age
  • older women who still enjoy sex were probably
    nymphomaniac when thy were younger.
  • we are not sexually desirable, desirous, or
    capable at an older age.
  • 54 of married seniors 65 of women over 70
    years old are sexually active
  • How do you think Viagra may have changed these
    numbers in the past few years? (Loehr 1997).

23
Special Groups
24
Lesbian
  • Lesbians est. 5 of the female population
  • 12.5 of women have had incidental homosexual
    experiences.

25
Lesbian
  • Risks for multiple psychosocial problems
  • rejection by family, friends,
  • poor school performance,
  • a higher drop out rate,
  • verbal and physical abuse (34),
  • homelessness,
  • substance abuse (39),
  • childhood abuse (20),
  • depression (49),
  • suicide (27) (Lehmann 1998).

26
Gay Males
  • 17 of males have been involved in a homosexual
    encounter by the age of 19.

27
Increased Medical Risk for Gays
  • STDs
  • HIV infection,
  • Between Jan-June 1989 Jan-June 1994, AIDS among
    gay couples incr. 31 from 12.1 to 15.9 cases
    per 100,000 males 13 years old or older.
  • Rate increased 51 in Midwest (MM WR Weekly,
    6-2-95).
  • hepatitis,
  • cytomegalovirus,
  • enteric pathogens,
  • genital trauma leading to hemorrhoids and
    fissures, and
  • fecal incontinence (Braverman 1993).

28
Disabled
  • Sexually functional but may be unable to perform
    intercourse without assistance.  

29
Prevalence
  • In the news a variety of sexually related
    headlines
  • President Clinton
  • Robert Leroy Anderson
  • Michael Jackson
  • cloning of animals,
  • many others.

30
  • In the US there were an estimated 1 million
    pregnancies among women 15-19 years old,
  • 95 of teenage pregnancies unintended.
  • Average age of sexual initiation in one sample
    was 13.8 years.

31
STD'S
  • The US has the highest rates of STDs in the
    industrialized world
  • 50100 times gt than other industrialized nations.
  • An estimated 12 million new cases of STDs occur
    in the US each year.
  • gt 85 of the most common infectious diseases in
    the US are sexually transmitted. (CDC)
  • half of all HIV infection in the US occurs gt
    age of 25.

32
US estimated
  • 4,000,000/yr new cases of Chlamydia
  • 800,000/yr new cases of Gonorrhea
  • 500,000-1,000,00 /yr new cases of Human Papilloma
    virus (HPV) (high risk for cervical cancer)
  • 200,000-500,000/yr new cases of Genital Herpes
  • 101,000 /yr new cases of syphilis
  • 40,000-80,000/yr new HIV infections

33
Teenagers
  • Pregnancy rate
  • One million US teenage women
  • 12 of all 15-19 year-olds (CDC).
  • gt 50 of all teenage pregnancies occur during the
    first 6 months of sexual activity gt 20 occur in
    the first month.
  • Three million teenagers acquire a sexually
    transmitted infection,
  • adolescents account for 25 of the new sexually
    transmitted infections in the US.

34
Costs to the Individual and Society
  • STD's add 17 billion dollars to the nations
    health care costs each year.
  • HIV infection is a leading cause of death among
    15-24-year-olds in the US. Three million cases
    of STDs annually in teens.

35
South Dakota Teen Pregnancy
  • One million pregnant teens in the US ea. yr.
  • In SD in 1990 1,425 pregnancies in women age
    15-19, (56.9/1,000)
  • lower than the national average.
  • abortion rates declined in SD from 1980 to 1990.

36
Costs of Teenage Pregnancies
  • 1985 - 1990, the public costs (through AID to
    Families with dependent Children, Medicaid, and
    food stamps) related to teenage pregnancies
    120.3 billion dollars.
  • Est. 48.1 billion dollars could have been saved
    if each birth had been postponed until the mother
    was at least 20 years old (Spitz 1993).

37
Gay Teens
  • 110 adolescents struggle with sexual orientation
    issues.
  • Study of involvement in a homosexual encounter by
    the age 19
  • 6 of females
  • 17 of males (Baverman 1993).

38
Risk Factors for Unsafe Sexual Activity (Beitz
1998)
  • Recent loss or change
  • Lower cognitive development
  • School nonattendance
  • History of sexual abuse
  • Substance abuse
  • Previous sexual behavior Early intercourse
  • Low self-efficacy (especially for contraception)
  • Stressed of depressed mental state
  • Low internal health locus of control
  • Male gender
  • Poor communication with parents
  • Low self-esteem
  • Religious Noninvolvement
  • Peer and sibling sexual activity
  • Irresponsible media influences
  • Scholastic underachieving

39
Interventions
  • Abstinence is greatest sexual health promotion
    behavior available to Americans, but abstinence
    cannot be the sole focus in a sexual health
    curriculum because most Americans will ultimately
    become sexually active (Beitz 1998).
  • Britain operates a national network of free,
    open-access STD clinics responsible for STD
    reporting.
  • These clinics are thought to treat the majority
    of STDs and are known to be used by all sectors
    of the population (Michael 1998).

40
Interventions
  • Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop suggested
    that many of the serious problems of the US
    derive from its inadequate sex education
  • (from Beitz 1998, p32).

41
Interventions for Parents
  • gt comprehensive or broader messages encompassing
    a greater number of sex-related topics that were
    delivered by the mother were associated with less
    sexual risk behavior among adolescents.
  • Mothers who were skilled communicators about
    sex-related topics were gt likely to discuss a
    broad range of sex-related topics with their
    adolescent, more likely to be heard by their
    adolescent during those discussions.

42
Sexual Violence
  • Among women with disabilities
  • 51 to 79 have had cases of reported sexual
    violence.
  • 88 to 98 of perpetrators are male for these
    victims.
  • Up to 30 of gay male teens attempt suicide.

43
Sexual Addiction
  • Any driven-type of repetitive sexual behavior,
    characterized by extraordinary frequency of
    sexual activity as well as revolving partners
    (usually more than one encounter a day), all
    devoted to alleviating the underlying
    psychological pain (depression anxiety).

44
Classification Diagnoses for Addictive Sexual
Behavior
  • satyriasis, nymphomania, paraphilias
    (perversions), obsessive-compulsive disorders,
    impulse control disorder, compulsive sexual
    behavior, and sexual addiction.
  • What these people have in common is depression,
    anxiety, and low self-esteem that is
    self-medicated with hypersexual activity (Myers
    1995).

45
Compulsive Sexual Behavior
  • Compulsive sexual behavior - has symptoms of a
    person preoccupied with sexual gratification
    leading to a disruption in daily life.
  • This sexual behavior may be categorized as legal
    (multiple partners, compulsively cruising,
    pornography) or illegal (voyeurism, public
    masturbation, exhibitionism). In either case,
    the behavior is compulsive (Watter 1992).

46
Recognition DX of Sexual Addictions
  • Ask the patient about relationships.
  • Is he or she married?
  • Are you in a steady relationship?
  • How is it going?
  • Is the sex satisfying?

47
Gender Issues in Sexual Addictions
  • Much more is written about men and sexual
    addictive behavior than women
  • Women, are not perceived as threatening
  • Women engage in repetitive sexual behavior, but
    men tend not to report the behavior.
  • A man who sees a woman exposing herself in public
    is more likely to appreciate the view than report
    it women are more likely to call the police when
    faced with similar circumstances

48
Hypersexual Activity likely Sign of a Sexual
Addiction
  • C/O inability to find enough partners
  • Differential DX 20 of the population suffers
    from a form of mental distress at some point
  • 10 - 15 are affected by depression
  • 6 - 8 by mood swings or low moods
  • Hallmark low libido
  • People with sexual addiction appear depressed,
    yet exhibit hypersexual behavior

49
Psychotherapist or Sex Therapist Referral
  • Manage repetitive or compulsive sexual behavior
    must same as those addicted to alcohol or drugs
  • Sexual addiction cuts across gender and sexual
    orientation fairly evenly.
  • Presence of depression or a tendency to exhibit
    compulsive addictive behavior manifests itself as
    a sexual disorder
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com