The Space Age spawned two outstanding

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The Space Age spawned two outstanding space
programs as a result of the hot competition
between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Both countries gave primary emphasis in their
space efforts to a combination of national
security and foreign policy objectives, turning
space into an area of active competition for
political and military advantage.
(NASA 50th Anniversary Publication, April 2008)
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Security (Military satellites
Civilian spacecraft (some for science
Commercial
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• Space from the very beginning became an arena
  for competition in every component (commercial,
  military and even scientific)
• That introduced secrecy, constrains on
  cooperation, dependence on politics
• Dual use technology (rocketry and etc.)
  complications
• Lack of comprehensive International Legal
  Framework (Outer Space Law limitations)
• Insufficiency of Separate Treaties and Protocols
  (e.g. MTCR)
• Negative impact of unilateral restrictive
  measures (e.g. ITAR regulations)

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Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky, 1890th)

• VROCKET /VFUEL
• Ln M1 /M2

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From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond

• Late 19th century 1920th (Early romanticism of
  the Pioneers)
• 1924 1945 (small scale experimentation and
  engineering, first mass production of military
  rockets /Katyusha)
• Werner von Braun (WWII) V-2
• 1945 1957 (Build up of rocket industry)
• Call of International Geophysical Year 1957-1958
• October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)

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The secrecy around Sputnik The name of Korolev
was kept confidential Official publications
praised two anonymous persons The Chief
Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics
(Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)
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Early in his presidency, John F. Kennedy made
repeated attempts to engage the Soviet Union in
space cooperation Let both sides seek to invoke
the wonders of science instead of its terrors.
Together let us explore the stars.
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From Sputnik to Lunar race

• 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space)
• Early 1960th (rapid development of manned
  flights, followed by Tereshkova flight)
• 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure)
• 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and
  Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)
• USA wins Space Race (Apollo, 1968)

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Soyuz

• Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights
• Core design goes back to the early ICBM called
  R-7
• Launch Site Baikonur (510), soon Kourou
• ESA uses for Science Missions
• Reliable transport to International Space Station
  / only one after Shuttle retires / for how long?

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MIMA (Exomars)- AOST (Phobos)
Russian contribution to ExoMars established
cooperation ?????????? ??????? ? ???????
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Observation with similar infrared spectrometers
from the orbit and on the surface ????????????
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