An Introduction to AIDC

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An Introduction to AIDC

• Ohio University AIDCTI Conference 2006

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Agenda

• Biometrics and their role in AIDC
• Introduction to Biometrics
• Biometrics Research at Purdue
• Biometrics Demonstration / Lab

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What and Where Can I find AIDC?

• Its knowing instantly whats in a crate from 30
  feet away
• Putting your hand in a reader to open a door
  identifying your access
• Scanning a bar code and getting a price
• Identifying an individual wanting access at a
  bank account
• Identifying a car or truck through a toll booth
  and taking the toll money

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC AIDC
Technologies

• AIDC technologies are integrated seamlessly into
  the supply chain and everyday life
• Reduces errors
• Speeds up processes and delivery times
• Provides item visibility
• Provides major cost savings
• Provides a competitive edge
• Aids in TQM and Process Improvement

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Biometrics
Applications

• Identity verification / identification of humans
• Can be used in conjunction with other AIDC
  technologies

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Who am I?
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How can you prove it?
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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Why use
Biometrics

• Legislative Mandate
• Consumer Demand

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Legislative
Mandate

• Public Law 107-71 - Aviation and Transportation
  Security
• For screening of all airline passengers
• Public Law 107-56 - The USA Patriot Act
• Called for the use of emerging technologies to
  ensure passengers do not obtain multiple visas
• Public Law 107-173 - Border Security Act
• Secure borders with emerging technologies
• Requires foreign visitors to carry travel
  documents contain

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Legislative
Mandate

• The U.S. VISIT Program
• Entry and exit system for foreign travels
  requiring a VISA
• As of January 5, 2004
• Entry procedures operational at 115 airports and
  14 seaports
• Exit procedure currently in a pilot test a 1
  airport and 1 seaport
• By the end of 2004, the US VISIT program should
  be operational at the busiest 50 land ports of
  entry

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Manufacturing
Initiatives

• ISA-TR99.00.01-2004 Security Technologies for
  Manufacturing and Control Systems categorizes
  security issues related to hardware and software
  systems including
• Distributed Control Systems,
• Programmable Logic Controllers,
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems,
  
• Networked Electronic Sensing Systems and
• Monitoring, diagnostic, and assessment systems
  (ISA, 2004, pg 2).

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Manufacturing
Initiatives

• The American Society for Industrial Security and
  Price Waterhouse (ASIS/PWC) study determined that
  the greatest losses occur in information related
  to Research and Development (RD) and
  Manufacturing Processes.
• This is particularly relevant in the
  pharmaceutical industry.
• The Pharmaceutical Industry Profile for 2002
  pointed out that the pharmaceutical industry
  budget for RD has grown from 1.3B in 1977 to
  and estimated 32B in 2002.

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Manufacturing
Initiatives

• Protection of Intellectual Property
• FDA has expressed concern regarding the ability
  to authenticate an individual who performs any
  type of transaction, in the manufacturing
  process, that would be governed by the
  regulations associated with electronic signatures
  and the guidance of 21 CFR Part 11.

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Biometrics and their role in AIDC Consumer Demand

• Commercial reality
• Effectiveness of using the system
• Ease of enrollment
• Ease of use
• Stability of the Technology
• Performance
• User Perception
• Price and Effectiveness of Substitution Goods
• Insurance Infrastructure
• Legal Structure
• Human Trust
• Risk of Loss from Intrusion

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Identifying Individuals

• There are three common ways of identifying an
  individuals identity
• Token
• What the individual has
• An identification card, badge, magnetic stripe
  card, or RFID card
• Secret/Knowledge
• What the individual knows or owns
• A password, or Personal Identification Number
  (PIN)
• Biometric
• What the individual is or does.

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Biometrics Applications

• Biometrics are now becoming pervasive
• Border control and security
• Point of sale
• ATMs
• Laptops
• Cell phones

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Biometrics The definition

• the automated recognition of individuals based
  on their behavioral and biological
  characteristics

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Biometrics The definition

• Universal
• Each person should have the specific biometric
  trait
• Unique
• Any two people should be sufficiently different
  in terms of the characteristic
• Collectible
• Biometric traits must be obtainable
• Permanent
• Traits remain invariable over time, allowing for
  repeatable measures

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Biometrics The definition

• Can operate in two different modes
• Verification
• Validates a persons identity by comparing the
  captured biometric already stored in the system
• PIN
• 11 comparison

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Biometrics The definition

• Identification
• System does a search on all of the users in the
  database
• 1M
• Whose biometric data is this
• Purpose is to prevent a single person from having
  multiple identities or aliases

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Biometrics The definition
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Different Types of Biometrics

• Each biometric has a strength and weakness
• No biometric trait or technology is optimal
• Several types of biometrics

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Biological Behavioral

• Behavioral
• Signature
• Keystroke
• Voice
• Gait

• Biological
• Face
• Hand
• Finger
• Iris
• Vein
• Retinal Imaging
• Ear
• Odor

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Face Recognition

• Based on
• Location and shape of facial attributes such as
  the eyes, eyebrows, nose, lips and chin, as well
  as their relationship to each other
• Or an overall approach
• To be successful
• Detect whether a face is present in an image
• Locate the face if there is one
• Recognize the face from a general viewpoint

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Face Recognition

• 3D based on multiple planes

• Recognition Comparison
• 2D based on a flat plane

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Face Recognition

• Recognition Comparison
• 2D points for matching

• 3D points for matching

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Face Recognition Applications

• Border security
• Surveillance

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Fingerprints

• Flow-like features found on human fingers
• Friction Ridges
• Raised surface of your fingers
• Gives you grip
• Valleys
• Lower surface of your fingers
• Ridges and valleys are unique to each person
• Fingerprint formations depend on initial
  conditions of the embryonic mesoderm
• Completely developed by the 21st week after
  conception

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Biometric TechnologiesFingerprint Recognition
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Fingerprint

• The use of fingerprints as a means of
  identification were first used by the Chinese in
  500 B.C.

• Modern fingerprint
• classifications were established in the late 19th
  century.
• 1888 Sir F. Galton introduced minutiae point
  classification for single fingerprints - Galton
  Features

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Applications

• Financial Services
• Credit Unions
• Health Care
• Hospitals
• Telecommunications
• Cell Phones
• Government
• Social Services
• Electronic Commerce
• Credit Card

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Applications
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Biometric TechnologiesHand Geometry
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Hand and Finger Geometry

• Based on measurements of the hand
• Successful biometric installations around the
  world
• Limitations include size of the device
• Limited market applications
• Aging issues, both young and old

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Hand Geometry
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Hand Geometry Applications

• Time and Attendance
• Entry / Exit
• BSPA Lab Experience
• Rec Center Experience

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Biometric TechnologiesIris Recognition
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Iris Recognition

• Iris is the area between the pupil and the sclera
• Iris carries very distinctive information
• 1 in 1078 chance of someone having an identical
  iris as you

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Iris

• Anatomy of the Eye
• Sclera
• Cornea
• Lens

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Iris Code
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Iris Pictures
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Iris Recognition Applications

• Entry and Exit at the Border

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Iris Recognition Applications
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Retinal

• Rich structure at the back of the eye
• Difficult to collect
• requires participation of individuals

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Vascular

• Vein recognition
• Finger based
• Top of hand based
• Palm

                                                
                                               
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Vein Recognition
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Keystroke Dynamics

• How an individual types on a keyboard

Keystroke latency time
Keystroke press time
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Skin Spectroscopy
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Voice

• 2 types of systems
• Text dependent
• Voice recognition system is based on utterances
  of a fixed pre-determined phrase
• Text independent
• Voice recognition system recognizes the speaker
  independent of what they say

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Signature

• Uses variables linked to how an individual signs
  their name

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Fusion

• When more than one biometric is combined, fusion
  occurs.
• Multi-algorithmic
• Multi-instance
• Multi-modal

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Which one is best

• Technical performance
• Reliability, Availability and Maintainability
  (RAM)
• Vulnerability
• Security
• User acceptance
• Human factors
• Cost/benefit
• Privacy regulation compliance.

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Biometric Testing

• Technology
• Scenario
• Operational

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Biometric Testing
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Are biometrics the answer to the security question
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Biometrics or other AIDC Technology?
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What do students and those wishing to get into
the lab already identify themselves with?
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Are we using access control logs to provide any
additional information about lab usage?
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Does everyone have an ID card, and do they bring
it with them?
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If students do not have their ID, can they use
another method of access?
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How positive do we have to be to identify
individuals who gain access into the lab?
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What is the probability of an attack to the
system the estimated likelihood of a security
breach
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What is the population that will be using the lab?
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Does the population exhibit universality of a
biometric?
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How long will the population use this device for?
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What is user psychology
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Common misconceptions

• Biometrics is absolute security.
• Biometrics works for everyone
• Twins have identical biometric traits (identical
  fingerprints, irises...). This is the same for
  clones.
• Iris will always beat fingerprints.

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Lab Activities after lunch

• 3-D face
• 2-D face
• Hand Geometry
• Iris Recognition
• Fingerprint Recognition

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Any Questions

• www.biotown.purdue.edu