Will involve your own hard work teacher feedback and peer editing ... Pit bulls. White boxers. Racial discrimination. in the work place. Racial discrimination ...
Mcgraw-Hill. Successful Research Papers in 12 Easy Steps. Columbus OH Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill 2000.
5 Choosing a Subject
Brainstorming
Asking questions
Clustering
Free writing/looping
Outlining
Scanning
6 A. Brainstorming
Brainstorm
On your own
With friends/peers
Think of subjects that interest you.
Write them down if you wish
7 B. Asking Questions
Ask other people what they find unusual or interesting
Post questions to a blog or chat board
8 C. Clustering
Helps you associate new ideas that might work with ideas that by themselves totally dont work
Connect ideas that fit together
9 Sample Cluster Racial discrimination in the work place Fatdiscriminationin careers Racial discriminationin Ireland Racial discrimination Tolstoi(my cat) Black Pit bulls Animal prejudices White boxers 10 D. Free writing /or Looping
FREEWRITING Writing freely about a subject in order to figure out if you have anything to say about it
Try this technique for multiple subjects
LOOPING Free writing with one addition add a summary sentence after each free write
Grammar spelling NOT concerns
11 E. Outlining
Brief summary of main points of a topic
As a subject-selection technique enables you to see logical progression of ideas that need to be researched further
12 F. Scanning
Consult listsindices tables of content
Encyclopedia index
Nonfiction text (on dogs a video game manual etc.) index
Table of contents
Yellow Pages listings
Consult items
Movies in a movie store (titles might spark an idea!)
Video games
Computer games
13 Step 1 Assignment
Pick any one of the previous strategies or another of your own
Find up to three strong topics that
Interest you
Seem researchable
Seem write-about-able
Be prepared to discuss these in class with a partner
Be prepared to submit these to me on paper with your final research paper
14 Narrowing Your Subject into a Topic
Easiest method use the 5 Ws H
What
Who
Where
When
Why
How
Best to start with too many questions then cross some out if you cant find corresponding information
15 Poem by Rudyard Kiplingfollowing the story Elephants Child in Just So Stories
I keep six honest serving-men(They taught me all I knew)Their names are What and Why and WhenAnd How and Where and Who.I send them over land and seaI send them east and westBut after they have worked for meI give them all a rest.
16 AIDS
What is AIDSWhat does it involveWhat research has been done about AIDSWhat treatments exist for AIDSWhat is the life expectancy for someone with AIDS
Who usually has AIDS
Where do many AIDS victims liveWhere in the body does AIDS strike
When do symptoms start
Why is knowing about AIDS importantWhy hasnt a cure been found
How is AIDs diagnosed
How do family members of AIDs victims cope
17 Other Considerations
Audience classmates children teacher
Purpose to inform to persuade
Style Tone formal informal
The research paper is an academic paper reflecting much time and effort therefore it should be more formal than a normal essay (Meriwether 18).
18 Step 2 Assignment Part A
From the subject that you have tentatively chosen for your paper make a diagram or list of ideas that you immediately associate with the subject
From the diagram choose one subject with which you think you might be able to work
Develop a 5 Ws H list now for that subject
19 Step 2 Assignment Part B
Purpose
Write a tentative purpose for your paper
Define whether your paper will be persuasive or informative
Style Tone
Define the style and tone you think most appropriate
Share your findings from Step 2 Assignment Parts A B with a partnerhelp each other to decide if all parts seem reasonable
20 Research Your Material
Plan your time (see Timetable)
Identify potential information sources
Determine whether a source is CARS
21 Our Tentative Timetable 22 Information Sources
To be explained in the library.
23 What is CARS
The source
seems Credible
seems Accurate
seems Reasonable
provides Support
24 Credible
Is there evidence of the Authors Credentials
Look for biographical information that shows education training or experience
Contact information (i.e. email address phone and/or fax number)
Job title or position with company/organization
GOOGLE the author to find out who he/she really is!
You will use the authors credentials in your signal phrase later!
Indicators of Lack of Credibility
Anonymity
Bad grammar or spelling
25 Accurate
Is the information
Factual
Exact
Detailed
Up-to-date
Comprehensive
FEDUC 26 Indicators of a Lack of Accuracy
No date on the documentor old date on information known to change rapidly
Vague or sweeping generalizations
Very one sided view that does not acknowledge opposing views or respond to them
27 Reasonable
Is the information
Fair
Consider tone calmness
Objective
Who gains if you believe
Moderate
Realistic or ridiculous
Demand evidence!
Consistent
Does not contradict self
28 Indicators of Lack of Reasonableness
Wild tone or language
stupid jerks
shrill cries of my extremist opponents)
Over-claims
Thousands of children are murdered every day in the United States.
Sweeping statements
This is the most important idea ever conceived!)
Conflict of Interest
Welcome to the Old Stogie Tobacco Company Home Page. To read our report Cigarettes Make You Live Longer click here.
29 Support
Are sources documented
Can you verify any of the sources
Are the sources reasonable
K.K.K. example
30 Annotated Source Cards
Annotation
(1) evaluate for CARS on back of card
(2) include brief summary of sourceWhat is it What is it about
Source cards contain all of the info. on your Works Cited page
Info. from each source basically the same
Write down all info. as you do your research
Document EVERY source just in case X out the whole card later if its definitely not used
31 Citation Generators
We WILL use citation generators
You MUST know what information to PUT INTO the citation generator or it wont work
32 A Note on Citation Machines
Very basic generatorgreat for cell Internet use
http//www.palomar.edu/dsps/actc/mla/
More complexdoes APA MLA and Turabian/Chicago
http//citationcenter.net/ctool.php5
http//www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php
My favorite
http//www.bibme.org/
http//www.easybib.com
33 Info. Needed
Name of the author editor compiler or translator of the source
Reversed for alphabetization Lee Jamie M.
If no author is given begin with the title
Title A or B only
(in Quotation Marks) of poem short story article or essay within scholarly project database or periodical
(underlined) of book scholarly project or database
34 Info. Needed (Cont.)
Name of the editor compiler or translator of the text
(if relevant and different from person(s) cited in item 1)
Ed. for editor Trans. for translator Comp. for compiler
Publication info. for a print source
Publishing company
City of publication plus state if city is obscure
35 Info. Needed (Cont.)
Title of the scholarly project database periodical or professional or personal site (underlined)
Name of the editor of the scholarly project or database (if available)
Version of the source including vol. issue etc. (especially for periodical)
Date of electronic publication OR of latest update
36 Info. Needed (Cont.)
For a work from a subscription service the name of the service (i.e. GaleGroup or EBSCOHost) and the name city of the library from which it was accessed
Name of institution or organization who sponsors or is associated with the website
Date when you accessed the source
Website
Be sure to use the persistent link if you accessed it via a library database!!!
37 Quick Tip
For a book source copy the ISBN number exactly
Many citation generators fill in ALL relevant information for you so you dont have to look it up!
38 Sample Source Card
Source 2 Website
Facts on Tourettes Syndrome. 30 Nov. 1996. NAMI (Nations Voice on Mental Illness). 13 July 1999
tourette.html.
39 Make Note Cards
Two Types
Paraphrase putting the meaning of a passage in your own words
Quotation direct words
BOTH give credit to the original source
40 Sample Paraphrase Card
Note Card 3 Source 2 (Website)
Children with Tourette Syndrome are often teased. It is important that these children are assured that when bullies tease them it is the bullies fault and not because the TS child is flawed (194).
41 Sample Quotation Card
Note Card 4 Source 2 (Website)
Teachers and principals must explain to other children that TS symptoms are not under your childs control and that teasing will not be tolerated in school (194).
42 Step 5 Assignment
Select one of the childrens books from the basket in the front of the room
Work by yourself to create 2 separate cards a quotation card and a paraphrase card
Share them and check them with a partner
Partners should then pair up with another set to explain findings
Each group will have the chance to recreate their cards on the board
43 Forming an Expanded Thesis
THESIS A statement of your main belief
Focus of your entire research paper
EXPANDED THESIS Contains your plan of development
Both the thesis and plan of development are NECESSARY so you MUST have an EXPANDED THESIS in your research paper
44 Thesis vs. Expanded Thesis
Thesis The boxer is a phenomenal breed of dog and makes a great addition to any family.
Expanded Thesis Due to its protective nature easy care and grooming and famous intelligence the boxer is a phenomenal breed of dog and makes a great addition to any family.
1 2 3 45 Steps to Form an Expanded Thesis
Brainstorm record any ideas that you can think about your topic
Look back at your 5 Ws H questions that you used to help you narrow your topic. Create more questions now if need be.
Be as specific as you can.
Create an antithesis (counter thesis) to prove that your statement is purposeful/takes a stance.
Make sure you can find research to support each item in your plan of development.
Accept that your thesis may change as you work through the research process.
46 Step 6 Activity
Review the former.
Create a potential expanded thesis statement now.
Share your statement with a partner. Check each others statement according to these requirements Does the thesis
Have one major point to defend
Seem like it will have enough research available
Reflect a position statement even if the paper is informative (Test this by verbally creating an antithesis together.)
47 Outline Creation
Organization structure for yourself
Includes
Introduction paragraph
Con/antithesis paragraph (optional)
Body paragraphs
Conclusion paragraph
Helps to keep your essay focusedif its not in your outline it probably doesnt need to be in your paper
48 How to Create an Outline
Label each note card with a title
Death Statistics for Measles Before Vaccine
Other Health Statistics for Measles Before Vaccine
Measles Statistics Since Vaccine
Vaccine Cost
Vaccine Recommended Use
49 2 Types of Outlines
Topic Outlineheadings only
Sentence Outlinesingle sentence to describe each topic
50 Step 7 Activity Part A
By now you have done some research and created note cards.
Physically organize your cards on your desk in a way that matches your plan of development.
51 Step 7 Activity B
Create a written outline by copying the topic titles on the note cards you arranged.
Remember to start the written outline with your tentative title and expanded thesis statement.
52 Documenting Sources IN Your Paper (In-text Citations)
Direct Quotation
Signal statement
Quotation marks
Parenthetical citation
Paraphrasing
Signal statement
Parenthetical citation
Extras
Quoting someone who is quoting someone else
Adding something
Taking something out
Citing a mistake
Adding an extended quotation
53 What is an in-text citation
Brief note to let the reader know that you borrowed information
Lets the reader know where to find full information in your Works Cited (bibliography)
54 What Goes Into a Citation
SIGNAL STATEMENT Provide info. about the author source (book website etc.) or more
According to Jane Smith Supervisor of Medicine at Deer Park Hospital
Al Pacino starring in Scarface screamed
PARENTHETICAL CITATION Then in (parentheses) at the end of your quotation or paraphrased material
Add the page
Add n.p.
Or add the par.
55 Signal Statement
Statement or phrase that signals to the reader that you are about to share borrowed information
Complete signal
Includes authors/organizations credentials
First time in paper
Brief signal
Includes authors/organizations name
Used after the first time a source has been introduced
56 The Parenthetical Citation
In (parenthesis)
Direct Quote period goes AFTER
Paraphrase period goes AFTER
Extended/block Quotation period goes BEFORE
57 Sample In-Text Citation(Direct Quotation) Raymond Hedin author of The American Slave Narrative The Justification of the Picaro proclaims that Both the necessity of accepting limits and the ability to transcend them were . legacies of the slave narrative to the post-emancipation black writer (645). PAGE CITATION 58 Example Dr. Seuss (One-page Citation)Direct Quotation In The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss the narrator complains The sun did not shine. It was too wet to play. So we sat in the house all that cold cold wet day (1). 59 Example Dr. Seuss Multi-Page CitationDirect Quotation Sally and I exclaimed We saw ALL the things fall! And our fish came down too. He fell into a pot! (21-22). 60 Example WITHOUT a Page NumberParaphrase In Poohs Touch and Feel Visit authors A.A. Milne and Ernest H. Shepard report that Poohs honey is sticky (n.p.). THE FACT THAT THE SOURCE DID NOT HAVE A PAGE NUMBER IS NOTED FOR THE READER 61 Citing Paragraph Numbers
Sometimes articles websites or other sources have paragraphs but no page numbers
When this happens try to cite the paragraph number
62 Example Citing a Paragraph Number--Paraphrase In the online newspaper Midstate Living Assistant Principal Brian Smith explains that Caesar Rodney High School knows the feeling of being overshadowed (par. 3). 63 Full Parenthetical Citation
After youve already introduced a source you can just place the authors information within the parenthetical citation.
(Johnson et. al. 357-58)
(Smith par. 4)
(Pacino n.p.)
64 Quoting Someone Who is Quoting Someone Else
In your parenthetical citation add (qtd. in)
David Hemenway director of the Harvard School of Public Health believes that keeping a gun loaded and unlocked at home is a potentially dangerous practice (qtd. in Jacobs 105).
Only cite YOUR source in your bibliographyi.e. Hemenway NOT Jacobs
65 Using the Title Instead
If your source has no author(s) or organization(s) use the title
If the title is too long use a shortened version
Most Martians dislike purple water (Martian Report 33).
66 Adding Something
If you feel you MUST clarify add a word or phrase in brackets
Do this when
There is no easy way to use a signal phrase
You feel a term must be clarified
The teens were treated with Effexor an antidepressant for three months in the trial study (Steuben et. al. 37).
67 Omitting Something
You may want to combine information from multiple sections
As long as these sections are from the same source thats fine
Use brackets with periods inside to show that you omitted information
3 periods means you omitted a word or phrase
4 periods means you omitted at least a sentence or more
Most children need more sleep than adults and should have approximately 8.5 hours per night (MayoClinic n.p.).
68 What if the author made a mistake
Use the abbreviation sic in brackets to indicate that the mistake in your quotation is not YOUR mis-typing
In the dessert sic a camel can live for eight days without water (Caravan of Light par. 4).
69 Extended Quotations
If your quotation is equal to or more than
4 lines typed
3 lines handwritten
Use Extended Quotation Formatbest known as Block Quotation
You MUST use a signal phrase
End it with a colon
Indent the ENTIRE quotation
DO NOT USE quotation marks
Place the parenthetical citation AFTER the final period
70 Sample Block Quotation
Nearly all large breeds make excellent family pets. John Shapark veterinarian claims that he knows this from first-hand experience
I have been a dog owner for 34 years and a veterinarian for 18 years. I have owned small dogs medium-sized breeds and large breeds. There is no doubt in my mind that the larger the dog the more likely it is to be a loyal loving family pet. (222) 71 Step 8 Activity
What is going on here
Albert Krushke Pittsburgh D.A. states assault weapons are used in 54 of deadly assaults (374).
Albert Krushke Pittsburgh D.A. explains that 54 of deadly assaults involve weapons (374).
According to Krushke an assault weapon can be defined as any weapon used in an assault on another individual (375).
An assault weapon can be defined as any weapon used in an assault on another individual (Krushke 375).
Krushke adds Ninety-four percent of the time the assault weapon was a a gun sic (376).
72 Write Your First Draft
Typing makes it easier to edit
If writing by hand DOUBLE SPACE so you can edit!
Insert sources with FULL citations NOW
Use full essay components
Intro. w/ attention device background info. and extended thesis
Organized body paragraphs with research and explanations
Strong conclusion that summarizes and adds something new
73 The Introduction
4 Different Ways
Funnel Approach
Broadest to most specific
Persuasive
Short Anecdote Approach
Snags attention
Can stir readers emotions
Persuasive or informative
Quotation or Statistic Approach
Snags attentionimpresses
Best for powerful persuasion
Comparison/Contrast Approach
Persuasive
74 The Con Paragraph
Optional but if used
Immediately follows the introduction
Antithesis paragraph
Strongly suggesteddemonstrates your confidence
75 Body Paragraph Organization
Chronological order
Spatial order
Cause effect order
General to particular order
Particular to general order
Comparison/contrast or comparison
76 Chronological Order
By time
Past to present or present to past
Past to present stronger
Best in informative papers about some form of history
77 Spatial Order
Literally refers to the physical spaces discussed in the paper
Judaism around the world (maybe continent by continent in general physical order)
AIDS in DENew Castle Kent Sussex or Sussex Kent New Castle
Crabbing on the East Coaststate by state N to S or S to N
78 Cause Effect Order
Recommended in research papers
Starts with cause(s) then looks at effect(s) that came from the cause OR
Starts with effect(s) and looks back to cause(s)
4 body paragraphs
Global warming (effect) of __ __ and __
Event __ event __ and event __ caused global warming
79 After the Introduction
TRANSITIONS TRANSITIONS TRANSITIONS
Between paragraphs
First second third
Moreover in addition furthermore in contrast similarly
Within paragraphs
For instance
For example
This is supported by ___ who claims
In summary
With that in mind
80 General/Particular
General to Particular
Broadest information to most detailed
Drives point home at the end
Particular to General
Most detailed or strongest point to general support
Great when you have an incredibly strong point to frontload the rest just confirms what youve just impressed
81 Comparison/Contrast
Introduction
Same A
Same B
Different A
Different B
Conclusion
Introduction
Same A
Different A
Same B
Different B
Conclusion
82 Writing Your Conclusion
Finalizes what you just wrote
About one paragraph long
Refer back to the thesis to reaffirm your position
Summarizes main points OR
Emphasizes key words/phrases OR
Adds a new powerful provocative quotation OR
Add something new (goals call to action etc.)
83 Step 9 Activity
Select an introduction method for your essay
Funnel method
Anecdote
Quotation fact or statistic
Comparison/contrast
Reread your thesis.
Select an organization method for your essay
Chronological order
Spatial order
Cause effect order
General to particular / particular to general order
Comparison/contrast
Make sure your plan of development matches your essays organizational method
Begin to write your draft
84 Compile the Works Cited Page
All entries at left-hand side
Hanging indent on all lines of an entry except the first
Alphabetical order
Do NOT number your entries
85 Oddities to Works Cited Pages
2 Authors
3 Authors
4 or More Authors
2 or More Sources by the Same Author
Use 3 hyphens followed by a period in lieu of the authors name after the first time.
86 Oddity Samples 2 Authors Wickersham John and Gerald Verbrugghe. Greek Historical Documents The Fourth Century B.C. Toronto Hakket 1973 3 Authors Aiken Michael Lewis A. Ferman and Harold L. Sheppard. Economic Failure Alienation and Extremism. Ann Arbor U of Michigan P 1968. 4 or More Authors Bailyn Bernard et al. The Great Republic History of the American People. Lexington Heath 1977. 87 One More Oddity Sample 2 or More Sources by the Same Author Schroeder Patricia R. The Feminist Possibilities of Dramatic Realism. Madison Fairleigh Dickinson UP 1996. ---. The Presence of the Past in Modern American Drama. Madison Fairleigh Dickinson UP 1989. 88 http//www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Levi-MLA.pd f 89 Revising Your Paper 4 Steps
Check for Content Organization Clarity and Referencing
Check for Grammar and Style
Check for Spelling Punctuation and Capitalization
Physically make your changes
Take the time
Be proud of your final product and your hard work!
90 Step 1
Content
Did you discuss everything you meant to discuss (Try comparing it to your outline.)
Add or delete as needed
Clarity
Are your main points as clear as you meant for them to be
Would they be clear to an outsider
Referencing
Did you cite every single bit of information that you cited
Are your citations (in-text and Works Cited) correct
91 Step 2
Grammar (Change check options)
Sentence fragments
Run-on sentences
Comma splices
Pronoun usage
Subject-verb agreement
Wordiness
Style (Change check options)
Remove all first and second-person pronouns
I me my mine we us our ours
You your yours
Remove contractions
Dont arent werent cant wasnt
Check paragraph length/coherence
92 Spelling Punctuation Capitalization
One sentence at a time
Keep a dictionary near you or multi-task to www.dictionary.com
Check homonyms
Use underlining/italicizing vs. quotation marks correctly
Refer to a good punctuation checklist
EMC textbook appendix
Any punctuation manual
Internet guides
Me
93 Final Revisions
Word process the changes that you have made
94 Step 11 Activity
Get into a group of 3wait for time cues
Rotate papers to the right
Check the paper you receive for
Content
Clarity
Referencing
Rotate again check for
Grammar
Style
Rotate again check for
Spelling
Punctuation
Capitalization
95 Prepare the Final Copy
Physical paper requirements
Essay formatting
Works Cited formatting
Page placement order
96 Physical Paper Requirements
White paper(unlined)
8.5 x 11
97 Essay Formatting
Double-space throughout
No extra spacing
1 margins on all sides
Justify essay left
NO EXTRA SPACING 98 More Essay Formatting
No cover sheet
Use correct heading
Your name
Teachers name
ENG 9Pd. _
Date (7 July 2008)
99 Still More Essay Formatting
Header required Last name Pg.
Lee 1
Lee 2
Lee 3
Steps
View Header/Footer
Right align
Type your last name
Click on the Header/Footer pop-up menu
100 How to Edit Your Header 101 Essay Formatting
Center Title
DO NOT underline italicize or place it in quotation marks
102 Works Cited Formatting
Continue 1 margins
Center the words Works Cited at the top of the page
Double-space all
Do not number entries
Split website entries only after a / slash / in URL
Alphabetize entries
Highlight all entries
Apply hanging indentations
103 Formatting Your Hanging Indent 104 Formatting Your Hanging Indent Continued 105 Organizing Your Submission Portfolio
Topic brainstorming evidence
5 Ws H list
Purpose/style/tone summary
Expanded thesis statement
Outline
Oldest draft
Newest draft(s)
Final essay w/ Works Cited page
BOTTOM BOTTOM TOP TOP Left Right 106 Work Cited
Mcgraw-Hill. Successful Research Papers in 12 Easy Steps. Columbus OH Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill 2000.