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Operations Research

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Title: Operations Research


1
Operations Research By Dr. S.M. Israr Aga
Khan University Karachi, Pakistan
2
Operations Research
  • Session Objectives
  • To describe the need and importance of
    Operations Research for rationale decision making
    in health care delivery
  • To discuss the basic Operations Research
    concepts and techniques for solving particular
    problem and identification of appropriate
    solution
  • To develop a research proposal using the general
    approach for Operations Research

3
Delivery of health care -Primary
care -Secondary care -Tertiary care
Economic support -Public sources of
finance -Employers -Organized volun- tary
agencies -Local community efforts -Foreign
Aid -Private households -Other
Management -Leadership -Decision-making -pl
anning -implementation -monitoring and
evaluation -information Regulation
Organized arrangement of resources
-National health authorities -Health insurance
programmes -Other governmental agencies
-Non-governmental agencies -Independent private
sector
Development of health resource -Manpower
-Facilities -Equipment and supplies -Knowledge
4
Operations Research
Operations Research is the application of
analytical methods designed to help the decision
makers choose between various courses of action
available to accomplish specified objectives
5
Operations Research - Methodology
Operations Research
Problem Analysis
Solution Development
Solution Validation
Evaluation
Implementation
6
Operations Research Approach
  • Phase -I PROBLEM ANALYSIS
  • Define the Operations Research
  • Analyze the problem and divide into smaller units
  • Establish research priorities

7
Operations Research Approach
  • Phase-II SOLUTION DEVELOPMENT
  • Specify solution objectives
  • Specify decision variables and stipulate
    constraints on the solution
  • Identify or construct an appropriate model for
    solution development
  • Determine and obtain required data
  • Develop solutions using analytical model

8
Operations Research Approach
  • Phase-III SOLUTION VALIDATION
  • Design field test
  • Implement field test
  • Evaluate the propose solution
  • modify if necessary
  • Integrate the solution with the larger system

9
Phase -I, Problem Analysis1. Define the
operational problem
  • Discussion of problem with all stake- holders
  • Identifying subsystems
  • Develop objectives for subsystems
  • obtaining consensus on objectives of the
    subsystem

10
Phase -I, Problem Analysis 2. Analyze the
problem and divide into smaller units
  • Operational problem is analyzed in
  • detail.
  • The problem is broken into smaller
  • units.
  • This is presented graphically.
  • The graph shows inputs, outputs and the outside
    factors.

11
Phase -I, Problem Analysis 3. Establishing
Research Priorities
  • First look at the system as a whole and then as a
    cluster of major subsystems.
  • Then ask where one should expect modifications to
    produce the greatest positive impact on outputs.

12
Phase -II, Solution Development 1. Specify
solution objectives
  • Solution objectives are statements of the
    desired solutions to the operational problem.
  • These are usually stated in terms of system
    efficiency that is conservation of inputs and
    maximization of outputs.
  • Fixed inputs with maximum outputs.
  • Minimum inputs with maximum outputs.

13
Phase -II, Solution Development2. Specify
decision variables and stipulate constraints on
the solution
  • Decision variables are factors that both play a
    role in determining how a system functions and
    are also within the control of the system
    manager.
  • Amount of ORS packets
  • Training methods
  • Factors that limit the the practical range of one
    or more decision variables are called
    constraints.
  • Socio-economic, ethnicity, occupation,
    educational level, weather, terrain

14
Phase -II, Solution Development3. Identify or
construct an appropriate model for solution
development
  • Model building is the essence of the operations
    research
  • A model is the simplified representation of the
    real world
  • Resource allocation
  • Networking
  • Cost-analysis

15
Phase-III SOLUTION VALIDATION1. Design
field test
  • How believable are the outcome of the field test.
  • Experimental
  • Non-experimental
  • Quasi-experimental

16
Phase-III SOLUTION VALIDATION2. Implementing
the field test
  • Determination of requisite resources
  • Development of management scheme
  • Development of training material
  • Arrangements of obtaining human and other
    resources needed
  • Design of an information system

17
Phase-III SOLUTION VALIDATION3.
Evaluating,modifying and integrating the solutions
  • Continuous assessment to ensure refinements of
    inputs
  • Integrating the solution within the system

18
An Example...
  • TB control Program.
  • High defaulter rate among TB patients.
  • How to assess the situation?
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