Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts

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• Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts
  Tourism System

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Learning Objectives

• To identify important terminologies.
• To explain why economists dont think of tourism
  as being an industry.
• To explain the reasons for using a systems
  approach for tourism.
• To describe the parts of The Tourism System the
  Tourism System model.

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Contents

• Some fundamental concepts
• Tourism
• Tourism Industry
• Visitor, tourist, excursionist
• Why use a system approach
• The parts of Tourism System Model

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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSWhat is Tourism

• There is no single definition of tourism that is
  universally accepted.
• WTO , Madrid, Spain, is a specialized agency of
  the United Nations.
• The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as
• Activities of persons traveling to and staying
  in places outside their usual environment for not
  more than one consecutive year for leisure,
  business and other purposes not related to the
  exercise of an activity remunerated from within
  the place visited.

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Branches of tourism

• Inbound international tourism visits to a
  country by nonresidents of that country.
• Outbound international tourism visits by the
  residents of a country to other countries.
• Domestic tourism visits by residents within
  their own country.
• Internal tourism domestic inbound
  international
• Visits by residents and non-residents within
  a country.
• National tourism domestic outbound
  international
• Visits by the residents of a country within
  their own country and to other countries.
• E.g.. China Inbound-domestic-outbound

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AIEST definition

• AIEST stands for International Association of
  Scientific Experts in Tourism.
• Hunziker and Krapf, in 1942, defined tourism as
  "the totality of the relationship and phenomenon
  arising from the travel and stay of strangers,
  provided that the stay does not imply the
  establishment of a permanent residence and is not
  connected with a remunerative activities".
• Above definition was then accepted by AIEST as
  below
• Tourism is the sum of phenomena and
  relationships arising from travel and stay of non
  residents in so far as they do not lead to
  permanent residence and are not connected with
  any earning activity.
• This definition is widely accepted in China.

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Tourism course Disciplines inputs to the
tourism field
Psychology
Geography
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Underlying themes
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What is an Industry

• Well (1989) defines an industry as
• a number of firms that produce similar goods
  and services and therefore are in competition
  with one another.
• For instance, the steel industry is defined by
  the steel products they produce.

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How about tourism industry?

• Many businesses and other types of tourism
  organizations offer complementary rather than
  competing products and services.
• An airline, hotel, restaurant, travel agency,
  and attraction do not compete with each other.
  They complement each other and combine to offer
  visitors a satisfying vacation or business trip.
• The input and output can not be clearly
  identified.
• Besides there is no single industry code for
  tourism under the North American Industry
  Classification System (NAICS)
• Macroeconomists point out that the recognition of
  tourism as an industry can lead to double
  counting because standard industry
  classifications fully account for all elements of
  the economy without finding it necessary or
  appropriate to recognize tourism.

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Tourism industry

• Unlike other industries that are defined by the
  products and services they produce (the supply
  side), the tourism industry is defined from a
  demand side perspective.
• A tourism industry supplies products and
  services to tourists.
• The Tourism Industry is defined as individuals,
  businesses organizations that are working to
  provide product services (including
  information) to tourists.
• They include those that work in
  transportation, lodging, entertainment and food
  beverage.

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China tourism industry

• Since 1986 tourism in China has been regarded as
  a significant industry for the national economy.
  
• In the year 1986, China placed the tourist
  industry into the national plan for social and
  economic development for the first time.
• There is growing acceptance of travel and tourism
  as an industry or sector of economy which
  includes accommodation, travel agents and tour
  operators (the travel trade), intercity passenger
  transport enterprises, government agencies
  responsible for tourism programs and tourism
  facilities, and major elements of other
  businesses in the food service, entertainment,
  and recreational fields.

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Visitor

• Visitor
• Tourist
• Excursionist
• A visitor is defined as 'any person traveling to
  a place other than that of his/her usual
  environment for less than twelve months and whose
  main purpose of trip is other than the exercise
  of an activity remunerated from within the place
  visited'.

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Tourist and Excursionist

• Tourist temporary visitor staying at least 24
  hours in the country visited and the purpose of
  whose journey can be classified under one of the
  following headings.
• a).leisure (creation, holiday, health, study,
  religion, and sports)
• b).business, family, mission, meeting.
• Excursionist temporary visitor staying less than
  24 hours in the country visited (including
  travelers on cruises).
• Also called Day Tourist or Day Excursionist.

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Classification of Travelers
(1) Tourists in international technical
definitions. (2) Excursionists in international
technical definitions. (3) Travelers whose trips
are shorter than those that qualify for travel
and tourism e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from
home. (4) Students traveling between home and
school only -- other travel of students is within
scope of travel and tourism. (5) All persons
moving to a new place of residence including all
one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants,
refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
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Relationship among tourism, tourism industry,
and tourist

• Tourism economic dimension
• Tourism

Supply side ---- tourism industry
Demand side ---- tourists
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SYSTEM APPROACH

• General system theory was defined by a biologist,
  Ludwig von Bertalanffy, as
• A set of elements standing in interrelation
  among themselves and with the environments.
• Tourism system consists of several interrelated
  parts working together to achieve common purposes.

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The reasons for using a systems approach for
study of tourism

• To emphasize the interdependency in tourism the
  tourism system is like a spiders web touch one
  part are felt throughout the system.
• For a student beginning to study tourism, it is
  important to get the bigger picture right away.
  The tourism system model framework provides a
  more comprehensive view of tourism it captures
  the big picture.

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The reasons for using a systems approach

• The second reason is because of the open system
  nature of tourism.
• Tourism system is dynamic and constantly
  changing. New concepts are always arriving in
  tourism, such as ecotourism, TSA.
• The third reason is the complexity and variety in
  all aspect of tourism.
• For example, there are thousands of
  specialized tours and packages available for
  travelers today.

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The Tourism System Model

• Part I Destination Planning, developing, and
  controlling tourism
• Link 1 The tourism product
• Part II Marketing Strategy, planning,
  promotion, and distribution
• Link 2 The promotion of travel
• Part III Demand The factors influencing the
  market
• Link 3 The travel purchase
• Part IV Travel The characteristics of travel
• Link 4 The shape of travel

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Travel and tourism systems

• Tourism process developed by Chau (1977).
• He described the tourist as the demand, the
  travel industry as the supply, and attractions as
  the tourist product and summarized the
  interrelate process as the subject, means, and
  objective of tourism.
• Gunn in his book, tourism planning (1979),
  referred to a tourism fundamental system
  involving five components tourist,
  transportation, attractions, services-facilities,
  and information-direction.
• Leiper(1979) involved five basic elements in his
  system tourists, generating regions, transit
  routes, destination regions, and a tourist
  industry operating within physical, cultural,
  social, economic, political, and technological
  environments.

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The end!

• Questions?