EMPIRES

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EMPIRES

• Part I
• Great Britain Turns to North America

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Types of Colonies

• Corporate Colonies
• Joint-stock companies
• Jamestown (Virginia Company)
• Royal Colonies
• Under direct authority of kings government
• Virginia after 1624
• Proprietary Colonies
• Under authority of individuals granted charters
  of ownership by the king, usually as gifts for
  support
• Proprietors have almost total power
• Maryland, Pennsylvania

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Great Britain The Turn to North America

• Puritan forces execute Charles I in 1649
• Oliver Cromwell (Englands Protector) leads
  until his death in 1658
• Followed by son, who cannot control the country,
  Parliament calls kings son out of exile to rule
• 1660, Charles II restored to the throne, rewards
  supporters with colonies
• Has no heir, brother James (Duke of York)
  inherits throne in 1685, rules as James II
• Restoration Colonies
• Despite unrest, continuous and increased
  influence and expansion in North America

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Settlement of the Coast Carolina

• Carolina (1663)
• Proprietary Title given to supporters for all
  land between Florida and Virginia, west to the
  sea
• No one really knew where that was
• Proprietors needed to attract settlers
• Many from Virginia settled in the North
• Displaced planters from Barbados settled further
  south, bringing slaves
• What will be South Carolina began with a system
  of black chattel labor
• Why might this be important to understand?

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Carolina Contributions

• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)
• Attempt to establish an almost feudal hierarchy
  to the colony, but attract settlers

It did Provide for Grand Council (court
executive) Provide for an elected
assembly Provide for voting by secret
ballot Contain policies for religious toleration
It did not Provide for any kind of local
government like other colonies Never go into full
effectgrew much more slowly than anticipated
FUN FACT John Locke was a secretary to one of
the proprietors at the time!
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Carolina Development

• Divisions began to develop between the southern
  and northern provinces

• Albemarle ? North Carolina
• Timber, livestock and tobacco
• No major port, sold through Virginia
• Much less slavery

• South Carolina
• Develop major port at Charles Town
• 1st planned city in North America
• Trade in timber, livestock, rice
• By 1708, population is majority black slaves

• Formally split in 1721
• Become Royal Colonies

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Settlement of the Coast New York (dont tell
the Dutch!)

• Charles gives James all land between the
  Connecticut and Delaware Rivers
• Produces conflict with New Netherland and New
  Sweden
• Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam in 1664
• All other outposts follow
• James doesnt want elected assembly, but is
  forced to agree
• Only lasts from 1683-87, when he becomes king

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New Jerseys

• NY Governor gives some land to pesty Puritans
  from New England

Berkeley sells to QuakersWest New Jersey

• James gives the area between the Hudson to
  Delaware to a couple of followers, Carteret and
  Berkeley
• Didnt tell New Yorks governor. Let the games
  begin

• Carteret takes over East New Jersey alone

• Carteret dies, heirs sell off land to
  surveyors, who sell off land without reliable
  surveys

• Moral of the story New Jersey has always been a
  mess.
• Consolidated into one Royal Colony in 1702

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Settlement of Pennsylvania

• William Penns family owed a large debt from the
  British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681.
  Becomes Pennsylvania (Penns woods)
• Becomes a haven for Quakers, who do not believe
  in any religious authority and are persecuted in
  England
• Refused to kneel, bow, use titles, engage in war
• On occasion, acted outrageously
• Penn governs in the colony, unusual for a
  proprietor
• Parliament had learned from past colonial
  conflicts, and placed some restrictions on Penn
• Had to follow Parliament's trade laws, keep an
  agent in England
• Had to allow customs officials, and permit
  appeals to British courts
• Had to send transcripts of all laws to England
  for review

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Pennsylvania The Holy Experiment

• Frame of Government (1682)
• Included elected assembly that could reject laws
  that he proposed
• Charter of Liberties (complete freedom of
  worship, open immigration), fair treatment of
  Native Americans
• Advertised in Europe, promising land freedoms
• Population would include Swedes, Finns, Welsh and
  Irish settlers
• Came for liberty and land
• 50 acres to settlers, and to their freed servants
• Plans Philadelphia to be a decentralized,
  wholesome town
• Symmetry, green space, plain street names
  supported Quaker ideals

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• Expansion through 1685

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Unrest on the frontiers

• Increased expansion brought new conflict with
  Native mericans
• Roger Williams, William Penn among those who
  thought Indians deserved to be treated with
  respect, but were in the minority of the time
  period
• Penn actually purchased lands that the king had
  given him from Native Americans

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King Philips War

• Relative peace between Plymouth Colony and
  Wampanoag Indians from 1621-1675
• In 1662, Metacom (King Philip) accepted agreement
  that subjugated his people to the English Crown

• Attacks town of Swansea on June 20, 1675
• Fighting will last over a year, kill thousands of
  settlers and Indians
• What caused this, and how did it change life in
  the colonies?

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King Philips War

• Possible Causes
• Plymouth started to fine Indians
• Colonists pasturing animals on Indian lands
• Incidents of colonists hanging Indians accused of
  murder
• Constant threat and spread of disease

• Effects
• Fighting spread across colonies and tribes
• Some tribes neutral, or even joined colonists
• So-called praying Indians sent to internment in
  Boston Harbor
• Indian population decimated, some tribes
  virtually eliminated
• Many Indians sold into slavery, sent to Bermuda

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Berkeley vs. Bacon in Virginia

• Governor Berkeley, Royal Governor of Virginia
  adopted policies that
• favored large planters,
• failed to protect smaller farmers that were
  pushed inland, along with Native Americans
• Fun Fact Brother of the New Jersey Berkeley
• Frontier farmers worried after news of King
  Philips war

• In 1676, recruit Nathaniel Bacon to lead them in
  attacking Indians
• Berkeley sends 300 troops to stop him

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Bacons Rebellion

• Berkeley arrests Bacon when he is elected to the
  assembly
• Bacon apologizes, is released
• Berkeley declares Bacon followers rebels
  against the king
• Bacon moves troops to Jamestown, burns it,
  harasses the governor Bacon briefly gains control
  of the government, dies on October 26, 1676
• Fun fact Exactly 300 years before Mr. D is born!

• Effects
• Importance to people of right to keep and bear
  arms
• Importance of local governments to the people
• Highlights class differences, reactions to
  perceived corruption
• Colonial resistance to Royal control

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Trade takes Center Stage

• England jealous of the trading power, worldwide
  influence of the Dutch
• Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673)
• Mercantilism
• Trade only on English or colonial ships
• All goods must first travel to English ports
• Specified goods from colonies could only be
  exported to England (eventually includes most
  goods)

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Effects of Mercantilism

• POSITIVES
• N.E. shipbuilding prospers
• England prosperous, grants some colonies more
  rights, self govt
• Protection of British military forces

• NEGATIVES
• Manufacturing limited
• Chesapeake farmers get low prices with no
  competition
• High prices on manufactured goods from England
• Increased bureaucracy, resentment

British government often lax in enforcement,
corruption was rampant
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Triangular Trade
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Trend toward Centralization

• Throughout 1660s more colonies coming under royal
  control
• James II comes to power in 1685, increases the
  trend
• Dominion of New England
• Combines New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Plymouth,
  Rhode Island and Connecticut
• Governor, council, no elected assembly
• New York and New Jersey added in 1688

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The Glorious Revolution

• James II becomes deeply unpopular, angering
  everyone
• English with Catholic leanings
• colonists with increased royal control over the
  colonies
• Going around Parliament on financial matters
• The Glorious Revolution ousts James II as king,
  replaced with William and Mary
• Creation of a limited monarchy
• Supremacy of the House of Commons
• William and Mary dismantle the Dominion of New
  England, but kept Massachusetts a royal colony
• Establishes elected assemblies as essential to
  government
• Colonies regain historic identities, but still
  increased presence of the crown

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EMPIRES

• Part II
• Competition Among the Europeans in North America

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France

• New France small, relied on trade, missionary
  activity
• Fighting among the Huron (traded with French) and
  Iroquois (traded with Dutch and English) nearly
  bankrupted them
• Louis XIV takes direct control
• Expand throughout Great Lakes region, mostly by
  establishing trading posts
• By early 1700s, had claimed and established forts
  at the mouth of the Mississippi
• Biloxi (1699), New Orleans (1722)

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Imperial Iroquois

• Identifield selves with words meaning long
  house
• Primarily agricultural society, matrilocal
• Men went to live with wives families, elder
  women held power to determine which men headed
  their villages
• Form Great League of Peace between the different
  Iroquois people, Iroquois Confederation as a
  result of conflict with French over trade
• Not governments in the European model, but
  Europeans treated negotiations that way
• How might that cause problems down the line?

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European Entanglements

• War between Britain and France in the late
  1680?90s (surprise, surprise)
• War of the League of Augsburg in Europe
• King Williams War in British America
• Iroquois (Five Nations) side with the British,
  Abenaki (NH/Maine) side with French
• Fighting marked by burning down villages, killing
  livestock, taking men hostage
• British villages destroyed, heavy casualties on
  both sdies
• French turn to fight Iroquois
• Lose ¼ to ½ of fighting men
• Impact on alliances for the future

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Spain

• Held fort at St. Augustine (since 1565) on the
  Atlantic, Built Pensacola on the Gulf in 1698
• Have control over the Gulf of Mexico
• Since Carlos II died and naed Louis XIVs
  grandson heir, French allowed to develop New
  Orleans
• Yes, European history can also be learned by
  watching One Tree Hill on the CW
• Concentrated on New Mexico
• Much resentment among native populations
• Tributes to encomenderos, relied on coerced
  Indian labor, regularly sold Indians into slavery
• Frequent rebellions by Indians

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Rain on Spain in the American Plains

• Popés Rebellion (1680)
• Pueblo uprisingmost successful in North American
  history
• Pueblo Indians had largely been converted,
  subjugated to Spanish
• Drought, attacks by Apache and Navajo cause turn
  back to their traditional gods
• Spanish hang, whip Pueblo leaders

• Pueblo unite behind Popé
• Attack farms, ranches,
• Kill over 400 colonists, including Catholic
  missionaries
• Destroy Cathlolic imagery
• Revolt spreads across region
• Spanish fail to regain total control
• Whose fault is it?
• The devil, of course!
• Explanation will be used in New England as well

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Major Ideas to Remember

• Similarities and Differences in the British
  colonies
• Including impact of developments in democratic
  ideas
• Short- and Long-Term impact of Europeans
  views/treatment of Native Americans
• Impact of European competition in the New World