Environmental Degradation Energy Utilization

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Environmental DegradationEnergy Utilization

• Klaus S. Lackner
• Columbia University
• New York NY
• September 2003

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Energy Sources

• Biomass Firewood
• Draft animals
• Wind/water mills
• Solar heat and photovoltaic
• Fossil carbon coal oil gas tar shale
• Nuclear Energy
• Fusion

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Energy Uses

• Heat
• cooking metallurgy chemical products
  fertilizers to plastics
• Mechanical energy
• Transportation manufacturing agriculture
• Cooling
• Desalination
• Cleanup

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Total Energy
Fossil Energy
Non Fossil Energy
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Energy consumption and wealth
10 billion people trying to consume energy as US
citizens do today would raise world energy demand
10 fold
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Pollution Issues
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Pollution Issues II
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Fossil Energy Is Vital to the World Economy
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Fossil Carbon Accumulates in the Air CO2 increase
in the atmosphere accounts for 58 of all fossil
CO2 emissions
Changes in the industrial age are large on a
geological scale
Anthropogenic increase of carbon dioxide is well
documented for this century.
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50000 Gt
Oil Gas Tars Shales
Carbon Sources and Sinks

Coal
Methane Hydrates
21st Centurys Emissions
Scales of Potential Carbon Sinks
Soil Detritus
Ocean
Atmo-sphere
Plants
pH 2000
1800
constant
39000 Gt
Carbon Resources
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50 increase in biomass
180ppm increase in the air
30 of the Ocean acidified
30 increase in Soil Carbon
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10 - 30 TeraWatt
2050
of Carbon Neutral
Primary Energy
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Net Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 extraction from air
CO2 from concentrated sources
Electricity Hydrogen
Biological Chemical
Permanent safe disposal
Underground Chemical Storage
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Hydrogen economy cannot run on electricity

• There are no hydrogen wells

Tar coal shale and biomass could support a
hydrogen economy. Wind photovoltaics and nuclear
energy cannot.
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Energy States of Carbon
The ground state of carbon is a mineral carbonate
Carbon
400 kJ/mole
Carbon Dioxide
60...180 kJ/mole
Carbonate
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Net Carbonation Reaction for Serpentine
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 3CO2(g) 3MgCO3 2SiO2 2H2O(l)
heat/mol CO2 -63.6 kJ
Accelerated from 100000 years to 30 minutes
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Magnesium resources that far exceed world fossil
fuel supplies
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Rockville Quarry
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Mineral Disposal of CO2
1 GW Electricity
Coal Strip Mine
Zero Emission Coal Power Plant 70 Efficiency
Coal
CO2
4.3 kt/day
Mineral Carbonation Plant
Earth Moving 40 kt/day
11 ktons/day
28 kt/day 36 MgO
Heat
Open Pit Serpentine Mine
Sand Magnesite
1.4 kt/day Fe 0.2 kt/day Ni Cr Mn
35 kt/day
Mining crushing grinding 7/t CO2
Processing 10/t CO2 No credit for byproducts
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CO2 N2 H2O SOx NOx and other
Pollutants

Zero Emission Principle
Air
Need better sources of oxygen
Power Plant
Carbon
Solid/Liquid Waste
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ADVANCED ZERO EMISSION PLANT CONCEPTS
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How much wind (6m/sec)
Wind area that carries 10 kW
0.2 m 2 for CO2
80 m 2 for Wind Energy
Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year
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Air
CO2
Volumes are drawn to scale
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Extraction from Air Power Equivalent from
gasoline v 6 m/s 60000 W/m2
Areas are drawn to scale
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60m by 50m 3kg of CO2 per second 90000 tons per
year 4000 people or 15000 cars Would feed EOR
for 800 barrels a day. 250000 units for
worldwide CO2 emissions
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Materially Closed Energy Cycles
O2
O2
Energy Source
Energy Consumer
H2O
H2O
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Ca(OH)2 as an absorbent
Flux D/L D 1.3910-5m2/s diffusion
coefficient L is boundary thickness is density
of CO2
Ca(OH)2 solution
CaCO3 precipitate
CO2 mass transfer is limited by diffusion in air
boundary layer
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Public Institutions and Government
guidance
Carbon Board
certification
Permits Credits
Certified Carbon Accounting
certificates
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Sustainable Development

• 1 2 billion without any electricity

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The Fossil Carbon Pie
600 Gt C
Soon
Past
Distant Future
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The Fossil Carbon Pie
Past
Soon
5000 Gt C
Distant Future
With Carbon Sequestration