Title: Satellite Contributions to the Global Ocean Observing System for Climate Ocean Climate Data Records
1Satellite Contributions to the Global Ocean
Observing System for ClimateOcean Climate Data
Records from Space and the Need for In Situ Data
- Kenneth S. Casey - NOAA National
Oceanographic Data Center - NOAA Climate Observation Program 4th
Annual System Review
2With Special Thanks to Laurence N. Connor, John
Lillibridge, Laury Miller (NESDIS/STAR) Richard
Stumpf (NOS/CCMA) Florence Fetterer
(NSIDC)Richard W. Reynolds (NESDIS/NCDC)
3What is a Climate Data Record?
- a time series of measurements of sufficient
length, consistency, and continuity to determine
climate variability and change. - - Climate Data Records from Environmental
Satellites, National Research Council, National
Academy Press, 2004.
4Why Do We Need Satellite CDRs?
- Satellites provide frequent, global coverage at
fine resolution - Enable climate-ecosystem applications
- Enhance traditional climate science
- But, real time satellite data are simply
- Dreadful
- Awful
- Terrible
- Useless
- Ok, so they arent that bad, however
5Nighttime
Pathfinder - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
Operational - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA7
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
HadSST2 Rayner et al. (2006), JClim, in press.
6Daytime
Pathfinder - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
Operational - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA7
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
7Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
HadSST2
ºC/year
8Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
Pathfinder
ºC/year
9Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
Operational
ºC/year
10Linear Trend Differences
Pathfinder - Operational
ºC/year
11Global SST Compared to In Situ
Switch to NOAA-11
Pinatubo Eruption
Switch to NOAA-16
12So, what CDRs are available?
- Two Key Points
- Must reprocess satellite data into CDRs!
- Need good in situ data to do this and to make
optimal use of the results! - Sea Surface Temperature
- Ocean Color
- Marine Winds
- Ocean Surface Topography
- Sea Ice
13Sea Surface Temperatures
- NODC Pathfinder V5
- Reprocessed AVHRR from 1985-2005
- Global, 4 km resolution
- Daily, 5-, 7-, 8-day, monthly and annual time
series and climatologies - pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov
Climatological week 50 from 1985-2001 Pathfinder
Version 5 SST data, with ice mask from week 50 of
2003.
14Sea Surface Temperatures
- GODAE High Res (GHRSST)
- Global SSTs from multiple satellites in real time
and delayed-mode - L2P AVHRR, MODIS, AMSRE, AATSR, TMI, GOES, etc.
- AND analyzed L4 products
- PO.DAAC handles the real time
- NODC is the LTSRF, archiving and producing CDRs
- www.ghrsst-pp.org
An example GHRSST L4 blended product Global
1/20 UK Met Office OSTIA analysis, produced
daily using GHRSST Level 2P data from AVHRR,
AATSR, etc.
15Sea Surface Temperatures
- New Reynolds OI
- Global SSTs from multiple satellites and in situ
data - Daily, 25 km resolution
- Contributing to GHRSST
- Reynolds talk tomorrow AM
Daily OI SST gradient using AMSR-E for January -
March 2003. Gradients have a stationary part due
to topography. In other regions, non-stationary
gradients require better SST coverage than
provided by infrared sensors alone.
16Satellite SST - In Situ Links
- In situ data are absolutely critical for all
satellite SST efforts! - Algorithm development
- Coefficient determination
- Validation
- Examples
- Pathfinder Matchup Database
- Bias corrections in OI analyses
- GHRSST Matchup Database and HR-DDS
17Ocean Color
Chlorophyll-a climatology for April based on
SeaWiFS v4 data from 1998-2003 from NODC SeaWiFS
climatology.
Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3)
- Int Ocean Colour Coordinating Group - ioccg.org
- NASA OBPG - oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov
- On SeaWiFS Version 5.1
- NOAA Users Rick Stumpf
18Satellite Ocean Color - In Situ Links
- In situ data are critical for satellite Ocean
Color efforts too - Algorithm development
- Vicarious Calibration
- Example
MOBY Deployment off Lanai, HI
- Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) www.orbit.nesdis.noa
a.gov/sod/orad/mot/moce
19Ocean Surface Topography
Global mean sea level determined by TOPEX,
Jason-1, Geosat-Follow-On (GFO), ERS-1, ERS-2,
and Envisat radar altimeters
- NOAAs Lab for Satellite Altimetry -
ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT - Laury Miller and John Lillibridge
20Satellite Altimetry - In Situ Links
- In situ used assess accuracy, correct biases,
separate change components - Examples
- ARGO profiling floats (thermal vs. new)
- GPS-controlled tide gauge stations (part of
GLOSS, compares at /-0.4 mm/year)
From sealevel.colorado.edu/tidegauges.html
21Ocean Surface Winds
QuikSCAT Wind speed climatology for April, from
1999-2004 data, from an experimental NODC
climatology.
Wind Speed (m/s)
- NESDIS/STAR Ocean Surface Winds team
- manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/oceanwinds1.html
- Paul Chang, Laurence Connor
22Satellite Winds - In Situ Links
- In situ needed for
- Assess accuracy
- Algorithm development
- Models and climatologies to resolve ambiguities
in direction
23Sea Ice
Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Anomalies, Feb
2006
Extent anomaly trend for February from the Sea
Ice Index (nsidc.org/data/seaice_index). Trends
for the Southern Hemisphere are also available.
Slope -2.8 (/- 0.8) per decade
- National Snow and Ice Data Center - nsidc.org
- Florence Fetterer
24Satellite Sea ice - In Situ Links
- In situ used
- Determining ice volume, not just extent (though
satellite altimetry is promising in measuring
volume too) - Filling in gaps in the past satellite record
25CDR
26Kenneth S. CaseyNOAA/NESDISNational
Oceanographic Data CenterKenneth.Casey_at_noaa.gov
- NOAA Climate Observation Program 4th Annual
System Review