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Satellite Contributions to the Global Ocean Observing System for Climate Ocean Climate Data Records

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Title: Satellite Contributions to the Global Ocean Observing System for Climate Ocean Climate Data Records


1
Satellite Contributions to the Global Ocean
Observing System for ClimateOcean Climate Data
Records from Space and the Need for In Situ Data
  • Kenneth S. Casey - NOAA National
    Oceanographic Data Center
  • NOAA Climate Observation Program 4th
    Annual System Review

2
With Special Thanks to Laurence N. Connor, John
Lillibridge, Laury Miller (NESDIS/STAR) Richard
Stumpf (NOS/CCMA) Florence Fetterer
(NSIDC)Richard W. Reynolds (NESDIS/NCDC)
3
What is a Climate Data Record?
  • a time series of measurements of sufficient
    length, consistency, and continuity to determine
    climate variability and change.
  • - Climate Data Records from Environmental
    Satellites, National Research Council, National
    Academy Press, 2004.

4
Why Do We Need Satellite CDRs?
  • Satellites provide frequent, global coverage at
    fine resolution
  • Enable climate-ecosystem applications
  • Enhance traditional climate science
  • But, real time satellite data are simply
  • Dreadful
  • Awful
  • Terrible
  • Useless
  • Ok, so they arent that bad, however

5
Nighttime
Pathfinder - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
Operational - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA7
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
HadSST2 Rayner et al. (2006), JClim, in press.
6
Daytime
Pathfinder - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
Operational - HadSST2
NOAA9
NOAA7
NOAA11
NOAA14
NOAA16
7
Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
HadSST2
ºC/year
8
Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
Pathfinder
ºC/year
9
Global Linear Trends, 1985-2004
Operational
ºC/year
10
Linear Trend Differences
Pathfinder - Operational
ºC/year
11
Global SST Compared to In Situ
  • Switch to NOAA-14

Switch to NOAA-11
Pinatubo Eruption
Switch to NOAA-16
12
So, what CDRs are available?
  • Two Key Points
  • Must reprocess satellite data into CDRs!
  • Need good in situ data to do this and to make
    optimal use of the results!
  • Sea Surface Temperature
  • Ocean Color
  • Marine Winds
  • Ocean Surface Topography
  • Sea Ice

13
Sea Surface Temperatures
  • NODC Pathfinder V5
  • Reprocessed AVHRR from 1985-2005
  • Global, 4 km resolution
  • Daily, 5-, 7-, 8-day, monthly and annual time
    series and climatologies
  • pathfinder.nodc.noaa.gov

Climatological week 50 from 1985-2001 Pathfinder
Version 5 SST data, with ice mask from week 50 of
2003.
14
Sea Surface Temperatures
  • GODAE High Res (GHRSST)
  • Global SSTs from multiple satellites in real time
    and delayed-mode
  • L2P AVHRR, MODIS, AMSRE, AATSR, TMI, GOES, etc.
  • AND analyzed L4 products
  • PO.DAAC handles the real time
  • NODC is the LTSRF, archiving and producing CDRs
  • www.ghrsst-pp.org

An example GHRSST L4 blended product Global
1/20 UK Met Office OSTIA analysis, produced
daily using GHRSST Level 2P data from AVHRR,
AATSR, etc.
15
Sea Surface Temperatures
  • New Reynolds OI
  • Global SSTs from multiple satellites and in situ
    data
  • Daily, 25 km resolution
  • Contributing to GHRSST
  • Reynolds talk tomorrow AM

Daily OI SST gradient using AMSR-E for January -
March 2003. Gradients have a stationary part due
to topography. In other regions, non-stationary
gradients require better SST coverage than
provided by infrared sensors alone.
16
Satellite SST - In Situ Links
  • In situ data are absolutely critical for all
    satellite SST efforts!
  • Algorithm development
  • Coefficient determination
  • Validation
  • Examples
  • Pathfinder Matchup Database
  • Bias corrections in OI analyses
  • GHRSST Matchup Database and HR-DDS

17
Ocean Color
Chlorophyll-a climatology for April based on
SeaWiFS v4 data from 1998-2003 from NODC SeaWiFS
climatology.
Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3)
  • Int Ocean Colour Coordinating Group - ioccg.org
  • NASA OBPG - oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov
  • On SeaWiFS Version 5.1
  • NOAA Users Rick Stumpf

18
Satellite Ocean Color - In Situ Links
  • In situ data are critical for satellite Ocean
    Color efforts too
  • Algorithm development
  • Vicarious Calibration
  • Example

MOBY Deployment off Lanai, HI
- Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) www.orbit.nesdis.noa
a.gov/sod/orad/mot/moce
19
Ocean Surface Topography
Global mean sea level determined by TOPEX,
Jason-1, Geosat-Follow-On (GFO), ERS-1, ERS-2,
and Envisat radar altimeters
  • NOAAs Lab for Satellite Altimetry -
    ibis.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT
  • Laury Miller and John Lillibridge

20
Satellite Altimetry - In Situ Links
  • In situ used assess accuracy, correct biases,
    separate change components
  • Examples
  • ARGO profiling floats (thermal vs. new)
  • GPS-controlled tide gauge stations (part of
    GLOSS, compares at /-0.4 mm/year)

From sealevel.colorado.edu/tidegauges.html
21
Ocean Surface Winds
QuikSCAT Wind speed climatology for April, from
1999-2004 data, from an experimental NODC
climatology.
Wind Speed (m/s)
  • NESDIS/STAR Ocean Surface Winds team
  • manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/oceanwinds1.html
  • Paul Chang, Laurence Connor

22
Satellite Winds - In Situ Links
  • In situ needed for
  • Assess accuracy
  • Algorithm development
  • Models and climatologies to resolve ambiguities
    in direction

23
Sea Ice
Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Anomalies, Feb
2006
Extent anomaly trend for February from the Sea
Ice Index (nsidc.org/data/seaice_index). Trends
for the Southern Hemisphere are also available.

Slope -2.8 (/- 0.8) per decade
  • National Snow and Ice Data Center - nsidc.org
  • Florence Fetterer

24
Satellite Sea ice - In Situ Links
  • In situ used
  • Determining ice volume, not just extent (though
    satellite altimetry is promising in measuring
    volume too)
  • Filling in gaps in the past satellite record

25
CDR
26
Kenneth S. CaseyNOAA/NESDISNational
Oceanographic Data CenterKenneth.Casey_at_noaa.gov
  • NOAA Climate Observation Program 4th Annual
    System Review
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