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True or False??

• When people go around a circle saying their
  names, their poorest memories are for what was
  said by the person just before them.
• 2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just
  as the grooves on a tape receive and retain
  recorded messages.
• 3. Although our capacity for storing information
  is large, we are still limited in the number of
  permanent memories we can store.
• 4. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit
  information to memory.

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Recall vs Recognition
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The Answers

• Research suggests the order, from most likely to
  least likely recalled is as follows
• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful

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Seven Dwarfs and STM

• Now, turn over the sheet and recall the names of
  the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheet

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Memory

• Memory
• persistence of learning over time via the storage
  and retrieval of information

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Memory

• Encoding
• the processing of information into the memory
  system
• Storage
• the retention of encoded information over time
• Retrieval
• process of getting information out of memory

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Ebbinghaus and Memory

• Systematic and controlled study of memory in
  laboratory

H. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
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Ebbinghaus and Memory

• Ebbinghaus
• Used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV
  FALEM
• the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer
  repetitions to relearn on Day 2

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Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
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Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Curve

• Most forgetting occurs right after learning
• approx. 50 in first 40 min
• Relationship between delay and forgetting not
  linear

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Ebbinghaus and Memory

• Other important findings
• Beneficial effects of distributed practice for
  repetitions (ie., spacing effect)
• List-length effect

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Encoding

• Automatic Processing
• Effortful Processing

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Types of Encoding

• Encoding Meaning
• Acoustic Encoding
• Visual Encoding

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Encoding Aids

• Meaning (semantics)
• Imagery
• Mnemonics
• memory aids
• E.g., peg-word system

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Encoding Aids

• Mnemonics
• Method of loci

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Encoding Aids

• Chunking
• organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• use of acronyms
• HOMES-Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

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Remember as many of the following numbers as you
can

• 1776198514922004

• 1776198514922004

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Remember as many of the following letters as you
can

• XIBMSATMTVPHDX

• X IBM SAT MTV PHD X

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Encoding Aids

• Hierarchies
• Organization of knowledge under narrower
  concepts/headings
• Rehearsal
• conscious repetition of information

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Memory Storages

• Sensory
• Short term (working memory)
• Long term

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The Modal Memory System
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Stage 1 Sensory Memory

• Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperlings
  classic experiment, and lasts about 1/3 second
• Echoic memory
• Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to
  experience the world as a continuous stream

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Stage 1 Sensory Memory
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Stage 2 Short-Term Memory

• Short-Term Memory
• limited in duration and capacity
• George Millers magical number 7 /- 2

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Stage 2 Short-Term Memory
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Stage 3 Long-Term Memory

• Rajan Mahadevans Amazing Memory
• Memorized first
• 30,000 numbers of PI
• Solomon
• Shereshevskii
• What a crumbly yellow voice you have.
• Would feel images, taste colors, and smell
  sounds

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Stage 3 Long Term Memory
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Long Term Memory Systems

• Explicit memory involves conscious effort
• Implicit memory occurs without deliberate
  effort

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Explicit Memory

• Explicit memory involves the processes used to
  remember specific information which can be
  declared
• Episodic memory is personal
• Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts

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Implicit Memory

• Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which
  people show without awareness that they are
  remembering something
• Implicit memory does not require attention and is
  automatic
• Consider procedural memory
• Repetition priming

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Retrieval

• Recall
• retrieve information learned earlier
• Recognition
• identify items previously learned

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Retrieval Cues

• Reminders of information we could not otherwise
  recall
• Guides to where to look for info
• Context Effects
• Priming
• the activation, often unconsciously, of
  particular associations in memory

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Retrieval Priming
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Retrieval State Dependence
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Retrieval

• Mood-Congruent Memory
• tendency to recall experiences that are
  consistent with ones current mood

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Forgetting

• Interference
• Proactive (forward-acting) Interference
• Retroactive (backwards-acting) Interference

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Interference and Forgetting
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Interference and Forgetting
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Amnesia

• Retrograde Amnesia
• Loss of past memory
• Anterograde Amnesia
• Cant form new memories

Anterograde Amnesia
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Demonstration

• Take out paper and pen

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How many of you remembered

• Flame
• Smoke
• Fire???
• Bed
• Snore
• Sleep???

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Flashbulb Memories Where were you when

• Brown Kulik
• JFK assassination
• Neisser Harsch
• Challenger explosion study

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Are traumatic memories accurate?

• Generally accepted theory
• Central facts remembered more accurately
• Peripheral details inaccurate and often
  fabricated in later stories

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Eyewitness Testimony
Method Show video of car accident 2
conditions hit vs. smash
Results Broken glass? No, but one week later
smashed 33 yes hit 14 yes
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False Memories

• Loftus
• Imagination inflation
• Mall study
• Leo
• Suspects found to make false confessions during
  police interrogations

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Attention and Memory

• Attention internal processes used to focus our
  awareness on a subset of perceptual information
• Attention affects what we remember

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Cocktail Party Phenomenon
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Cocktail Party Phenomenon

• Studied in labs using the dichotic listening
  technique
• Two different messages presented, one in each ear
• Participants later asked to recall information,
  or sometimes have to shadow the words presented
  to one ear

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CHAIR   LEOPARD   SNOW   TISSUE   COFFEE   GRASS
  CHURCH CHAIR   LEOPARD  
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Selective Attention Recognition Test

• Circle the words that you think were on the list
  that was presented to your unattended ear.
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• tiger tree snow
•  
• igloo leopard coffee
•  
• church wine carrot
•  
• grass chair mail
•  
• book temple novel
•  
• tissue

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Biology of Memory

• Karl Lashley (1950)
• trained rats to solve maze, then cut out pieces
  of their cortex and retested their memory of maze
• partial memory retained

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Biology of Memory

• Lashley found beer to have same effects as cortex
  removal on rat maze performance

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Biology of Memory

• Hippocampus
• Involved in explicit memory
• Cerebellum
• Involved with implicit memory
• Skills, conditioning, procedural memory

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Improve Your Memory

• Study repeatedly to boost recall
• Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking
  about the material
• Make material personally meaningful
• Use mnemonic devices
• associate with peg words--something already
  stored
• chunk information into acronyms
• Study in spaced intervals

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Improve Your Memory

• Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate
  situation and mood
• Minimize interference
• Test your own knowledge
• to rehearse it
• to determine what you do not yet know