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Memory

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Shorty Nifty Happy. Doc Wheezy Stubby. The real seven dwarfs ... Narrative stories. Episodic/autobiographical and semantic memory. Explicit and implicit memory ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Memory


1
Memory
  • Are memories real? Are they true?

2
Memory as information processing
  • Selecting, structuring, organizing, categorizing,
    storing, and retrieving sensations, perceptions,
    dreams, fantasies, thoughts, words, and results
    of learning.
  • With all of these and more involved in memory, is
    it any surprise that there are glitches and that
    two peoples memory of the same event can be so
    different?
  • Digital computer metaphor vs. brain system
    adaptation
  • Categories of processes
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

3
Two models of memory
  • 1. Atkinson and Shiffrins 3-stage model (1962)
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
  • 2. Contemporary model (Baddeley, 1992)
  • Working memory
  • Rehearsal systems
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Central executive

4
Phenomena of memory
  • Flashbulb memories
  • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
  • The Jeopardy effect
  • Processing as organization of memory
  • Sound
  • Letter
  • Meaning
  • Recall vs. recognition
  • 90 recognition of 2500 slides (Haber, 1970)

5
Recall vs. recognition
  • Grouchy Gabby Puffy
  • Fearful Sleepy Dumpy
  • Smiley Jumpy Sneezy
  • Hopeful Shy Lazy
  • Droopy Dopey Pop
  • Sniffy Wishful Grumpy
  • Bashful Cheerful Teach
  • Shorty Nifty Happy
  • Doc Wheezy Stubby

6
The real seven dwarfs
  • Sleepy
  • Dopey
  • Grumpy
  • Sneezy
  • Happy
  • Doc
  • Bashful

7
Transient memories
  • Sensory memory
  • Visual sensory memory the iconic store
  • Auditory sensory memory the echoic store
  • Sperling (1960) and visual sensory memory
  • Ready to participate in Sperlings study?

8
  • S R J V
  • M Q D T
  • F W H N

9
Sperlings test phase
  • high

10
Sperlings test phase
  • medium

11
Sperlings test phase
  • low

12
Sperlings experimental condition
  • Ready?

13
  • G M Q B
  • Z N K R
  • P L T X

14
.
  • Sperlings results
  • Iconic store is transient, decaying to less than
    50 of peak performance within one second.
  • All items in the array are placed in the iconic
    store.

15
Auditory sensory memory
  • Several studies have shown analogous results in
    auditory memory.
  • Echoic store studies often use dichotic
    listening.
  • Echoic memory disappears by 5 seconds.
  • The suffix effect Conrad (1960) and Crowder and
    Morton (1969) zero
  • Is the suffix effect like real backmasking?

16
The suffix effect
  • I am going to say some numbers. At some point, I
    will say the number zero. When you hear me say
    zero, ignore the zero and say the numbers that
    preceded it.
  • The suffix effect disappears if you use
    non-language sounds, like buzzers or musical
    notes, so it is not just a delay effect.
  • When you hear the tone, ignore it and say the
    numbers that preceded it.

17
Encoding
  • Information in sensory stores is lost unless it
    is encoded, or processed into long term memory.
  • Does encoding occur in a special Short Term
    memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model) or in
    rehearsal systems?
  • How much of it happens unconsciously or
    automatically?
  • Space
  • Time
  • Frequency
  • But do we form memories while we sleep?

18
An encoding task
x z r j f
.
g h a d f
.
J O N A H
.
L Q P D N
.
19
Memory principles
  • What memory principles applied on the previous
    slide?
  • When and where did J O N A H appear on the
    screen?
  • How many of the characters can you recall now?
  • Why was J O N A H the easiest one to recall?

20
Short-term memory
  • Attention
  • Serial position Primacy and recency effects
  • Encoding uses different brain systems.
  • Acoustic
  • Visual
  • Semantic
  • Combining encoding systems enhances not only
    memorability, but even believability If it
    doesnt fit, you must _______.

21
More encoding factors
  • Context effects
  • Using your own words
  • Connecting to yourself (Symons Johnson, 1997)
  • Imagery
  • Mnemonic aids
  • Chunking
  • Limits of working memory
  • Phonological working memory
  • Visual working memory

22
Forming Long-term memories
  • Shallow vs. deep processing
  • Effortful vs. automatic processing
  • Context cues

23
Long-term memory
  • Massed vs. spaced practice Consolidation
  • Method of loci
  • Peg-word method
  • Narrative stories
  • Episodic/autobiographical and semantic memory
  • Explicit and implicit memory

24
Organization in memory
  • Episodic and semantic memory
  • Form vs. meaning
  • Explicit or declarative memory
  • Implicit or procedural memory

25
Retrieval and forgetting
  • Encoding failure
  • Storage decay
  • Reconstructing memories
  • Amnesia
  • Retrograde
  • Anterograde
  • Interference
  • Retroactive
  • Proactive

26
Emotion and memory
  • Mood-dependent recall
  • Emotion focuses attention
  • Less peripheral memory (Christianson Loftus,
    1991) The weapon focus
  • Dissociation Amnesia, Fugue, DID
  • Motivated forgetting Repression?
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