Founding Era

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Founding Era

• Domestic and Foreign Policy of the United States
  from Washington to Monroe

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Part I George Washingtons Presidency
1789-1797
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From War Hero to President

• Washington was elected unanimously by the
  Electoral College in 1789.
• In the beginning Washingtons administration
  consisted of John Adams (VP) and about a dozen
  clerks.
• Because he was the first, he set many precedents
  that are still followed today.
• Established the Presidential Cabinet
• Jefferson was chosen as Secretary of State
• Hamilton was chosen as the first Secretary of the
  Treasury.
• Established the Judiciary Branch
• John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the
  Supreme Court.

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Whiskey Rebellion
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Washingtons Farewell Address

• Washington did not want to appear to be a
  dictator.
• He set a precedent by stepping down from office
  after his second term.
• He gave three warnings
• Keep the government aligned with religion and
  morality.
• Stay out of foreign affairs.
• Do NOT form political parties.

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Quick Review

• Did we heed Washingtons warnings? Give some
  examples of why you think so or why you do not.
• Do you think that Washington was a good choice
  for the first president? Why or why not?

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Test Question Example

• In the early government of the US, Alexander
  Hamilton, in opposition to Thomas Jefferson,
  supported
• Each state paying its own debt from the
  Revolutionary War
• Immediate refunding of war bonds
• Establishment of a national bank
• Both B C

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Part II The Presidency of John Adams
1797-1801
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The Importance of Abigail Adams

• Never formally educated
• Abigail Adams wanted rights for women in the
  United States.
• The wife of the second president and the mother
  of the sixth.
• Died 17 years after leaving the White House
  (1818).

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Family homes
John and Abigails first home
Their retirement home Peace Field
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Three Choices in Foreign Policy

• 1) Neutrality avoid taking sides
• 2) Isolationism - cutting off all foreign
  relations and avoiding all involvement.
• 3) Interventionism - getting involved in world
  affairs

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Trouble with France

• The trouble with France (over Jays Treaty) led
  Adams to send three representatives to France.
• When the representatives arrived, three French
  officials demanded a ransom from the US before
  negotiations could begin.
• The US representatives referred to these
  officials as X,Y, and Z. When the event became
  public, it was called the XYZ Affair.
• The XYZ affair eventually led to the Alien and
  Sedition Acts.

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Alien and Sedition Acts

• Made up of four acts
• Naturalization Act- extended time to become a
  citizen
• Alien Friends Act- president could deport any
  enemies of the US
• Alien Enemies Act- president could deport
  resident aliens if the US was at war with their
  home country
• Sedition Act- prohibited false, scandalous, or
  malicious writing against the US
• One of the biggest mistakes of John Adams
  presidency.

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Undeclared Naval War Quasi War

• Congress created a Navy Department
• The United States authorized American ships to
  seize French vessels at sea.
• This policy was active for two years.
• In 1799, a new government took control of France
  (remember the French Revolution) and they were
  ready to negotiate without bribes! They worked
  out a new treaty.

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The Capitol Building c.1800
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End of Adams

• Alienated Congress and powerful political leaders
• Lost election to Jefferson
• Adams left Washington in the middle of the night
  and was very upset.
• His presidency was one of the lowest points of
  his political career.
• Known to be over-bearing and unable to take
  criticism
• Adams died on the 50th anniversary of the signing
  of the Declaration (same day as Jefferson).

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Quick Review

• In your opinion, what is the best way to handle
  foreign policy issues? Why?
• What would the reaction today if something like
  the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed?

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Sample Test Question

• The Democratic-Republicans, the political party
  led by Thomas Jefferson,
• Interpreted the Constitution loosely
• Believed the US should base its economy on
  agriculture
• Thought that aristocrats could rule better than
  common people
• Both A C

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Part III The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
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Election Results
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Jeffersonian Philosophy

• Belonged to the Democratic-Republican Party
• Strict interpretation of Constitutionweak
  central government
• Small government and less taxes
• Agricultural society
• Sided with the French over the British

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Alexander Hamiltons Views

• Hamilton was a Federalist. He wanted to
• give more power to the central government.
• Create an industrial society
• Build a strong army and navy
• Raise money for the central government through
  tariffs and excise taxes
• Create a national bank
• Hamilton and Jefferson were constantly at each
  others throats and Washington had to play
  mediator!

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Most grain was turned into whiskey (easier to
  transport and more valuable)
• Grain farmers in Pennsylvania hated paying the
  whiskey tax which cut into their profits.
• They responded by intimidating and attacking tax
  collectors.
• Hamilton, under the direction of Washington, sent
  12,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion.
• The rebellion was dissolved very quickly and only
  20 rebels were arrested.

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Louisiana Purchase

• France secretly acquired territory in 1800 from
  Spain
• Napoleon was willing to sell it to finance his
  wars in Europe.
• Originally wanted to buy New Orleans
• Bought the whole territory for 15 million
• The ability to purchase land was not mentioned in
  Constitution
• This goes against Jeffersons political beliefs.

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The Louisiana Purchase - 1803
"This accession of territory affirms forever the
power of the United States, and I have given
England a maritime rival who sooner or later will
humble her pride." -Napoleon Bonaparte
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Lewis and Clark lead the Corps of Discovery
William Clark and Meriwether Lewis were the
leaders of the expedition. They had help from
Sacajawea and York, Clarks slave.
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Barbary Pirates

• US ships were seized and citizens were enslaved
  by these pirates.
• They demanded a ransom that was far too great for
  Congress to pay. Congress paid them what they
  could.
• Jefferson ordered that six frigates (small quick
  ships) be built to combat the problems of piracy.
• The marines were equipped with leather suits so
  that they could avoid being cut when boarding
  ships and encountering pirates.
• This is where the name leather necks originated!

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Vice President Aaron Burr

• Northern Confederacy
• Split from Republican party
• Rivalry leads to a duel between Burr and
  Alexander Hamilton
• Hamilton was killed and Burr was exiled.
• Burr plotted to form his own empire in the
  Louisiana territory

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The Duel
When called to him upon his receiving the fatal
wound, I found him half sitting on the ground,
supported in the arms of Mr. Pendleton. His
countenance of death I shall never forget. He had
at that instant just strength to say, 'This is a
mortal wound, doctor' when he sunk away, and
became to all appearance lifeless. I immediately
stripped up his clothes, and soon, alas I
ascertained that the direction of the ball must
have been through some vital part. His pulses
were not to be felt, his respiration was entirely
suspended, and, upon laying my hand on his heart
and perceiving no motion there, I considered him
as irrecoverably gone. I, however, observed to
Mr. Pendleton, that the only chance for his
reviving was immediately to get him upon the
water. We therefore lifted him up, and carried
him out of the wood to the margin of the bank,
where the bargemen aided us in conveying him into
the boat, which immediately put off. During all
this time I could not discover the least symptom
of returning life.
-account from Dr. David Hosack
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John Marshalls Court (1801-1835)

• Served as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
  from 1801-1835
• He was Jeffersons cousin and political opposite.
• He was a Federalist and Jefferson was a
  Democratic-Republican.
• Sought to increase court and federal government
  power

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Marshalls Landmark Court Cases

• McCullough v. Maryland
• Says that the Constitution grants implied
  powers to Congress
• State actions may not impede the constitutional
  exercises of the National government.

• Marbury v. Madison
• Established judicial review
• Judicial review allows the court system to look
  at legislation passed by Congress to make sure
  that it is constitutional.
• Protects your rights from an overzealous Congress!

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Marshalls Landmark Cases Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia

• The Cherokee Nation was seeking help from the
  Supreme Court to stop Georgia from enacting laws
  that would be harmful to the Cherokee Nation.
• The Supreme Court decided that because the
  Cherokee Nation kept itself separate from the
  rest of the country, it could not appeal to the
  US Court Systems for help.
• Their request for an injunction against Georgia
  was denied by the Supreme Court.

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Supreme Court Chambers
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Neutral Rights, Impressment, Embargo

• Jefferson cut the size of the military by more
  than 50.
• France and Britain both threatened US ships on
  the high seas.
• British impressed American citizens
• Jefferson decides to abandon all trade with both
  countries.
• Known as the Embargo Act

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Political Cartoons John Bull
John Bull personified Britain.
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Political Cartoon The Embargo Act 1807
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The Embargo Act 1807

• No foreign trade at all
• Economic slump begins in the US
• Embargo-runners emerge
• People that were smuggling goods into and out of
  the country despite the embargo.
• Liability for Democratic-Republican party
• Did Jefferson mess up?

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Following Washingtons Lead

• Jefferson turned down the possibility of a third
  term just as Washington had done.
• The Embargo Act fell apart soon after Jefferson
  left office.
• He retired to Monticello where he worked on his
  plans to create the University of Virginia.
• Jefferson said, Never did a prisoner, released
  from his chains feel such relief as I in shaking
  off the shackles of power.
• Jefferson ironically died on July 4, 1826.
• His friend, John Adams, passed away on the same
  day.

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Quick Review

• Was Jefferson within his rights as president to
  authorize the purchase of the Louisiana
  Territory?
• What is your opinion of the dual custom? Is it an
  acceptable way to handle differences?
• What was the purpose of the Embargo Act passed by
  Jefferson?

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Sample Test Question

• From 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark, with the aid of
  their guide, Sacajawea, explored which regions of
  the nation?
• I. Oregon Territory III. Northwest Ordinance
• II. Mexican Cession IV. Louisiana Purchase
• I and IV C. II and III
• I and III D. II and IV

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Part IV James Madisons Presidency
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James and Dolley Madison
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James Madison

• Jeffersons Secretary of State
• Most intelligent of the Founding Fathers
• Father of the Constitution
• Won two elections the first in 1808 and the
  second in 1812.

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A Naval fistfight?
Who is this?
What is wrong with this picture?
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Tecumsehs War - 1810

• Where today are the Pequot? Where are the
  Narragansett, the Mochican, the Pocanet, and
  other powerful tribes of our people? They have
  vanished before the avarice and oppression of the
  white man, as snow before the summer sun ...
  Sleep not longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws ...
  Will not the bones of our dead be plowed up, and
  their graves turned into plowed fields?

Tecumseh was the leader of the Shawnee.
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The War of 1812 Causes

• Reason 1 Impressments
• Great Britain and France practiced a policy of
  abducting American sailors and forcing them to
  serve on their ships.
• The United States responded by cutting off all
  trade with the two countries.
• This lasted until Napoleon, the leader of France,
  agreed to stop impressing American sailors.

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War of 1812 Causes

• Reason 2 The British continued to arm the
  Native Americans in North America.
• The US saw this as an intentional threat to the
  countrys well-being.
• Reason 3 The British were inhibiting the United
  States ability to trade.
• They set up a blockade around France to keep the
  US from trading freely with them.

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War of 1812 Causes

• Reason 4 War Hawks in Congress wanted to go
  to war with Great Britain.
• They thought that it would be an opportunity to
  gain land controlled by Spain and Great Britain.

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Fighting Begins

• Britain was distracted by problems with Napoleon
  until 1813. Most British citizens had no idea
  they were involved in a war with the US.

• The invasion of Canada fails.
• William H. Harrison defeats Tecumseh
• Made Harrison a war hero (helps him become
  president).
• Jackson ravages Indians in Florida

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American Impression of the British-Indian Alliance
"Arise Columbia's Sons and forward press, Your
Country's wrongs call loudly for redress The
Savage Indian with his Scalping knife, Or
Tomahawk may seek to take your life By bravery
aw'd they'll in a dreadful Fright, Shrink back
for Refuge to the Woods in Flight Their British
leaders then will quickly shake, And for those
wrongs shall restitution make."
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend

• US forces were led by Tennessee militia general,
  Andrew Jackson.
• Jackson was assisted by a group of Cherokees in
  his successful defeat of the Creeks.
• Jackson hoped that his victory would open the
  area up to settlement and eliminate problems with
  Native Americans.

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The Burning of the Capitol Building.
"I determined to march upon Washington, and
reached that city at eight o'clock that night.
Judging it of consequence to complete the
destruction of the public buildings with the
least possible delay, so that the army may retire
without loss of time, the following buildings
were set fire to and consumed..." British Major
General Robert Ross
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Battle of Fort McHenry The Star Spangled
Banner

• September 1814
• Francis Scott Key, a prisoner exchange agent,
  watched the battle from a ship in a nearby
  harbor.
• He wrote a poem (which was later put to a tune)
  that would become our national anthem.

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Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

• Signed before the Battle of New Orleans
• Did NOT address impressment (the alleged cause of
  the war)
• No real changes from 1812
• Simply stopped the fighting

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Battle of New Orleans

• Took place after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.
• Word traveled very slowlyno texting or
  e-mailing?
• Made a hero of Andrew Jackson
• Over 2,000 casualties for British, about 20 for
  US
• One of the biggest highlights of the war

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Hartford Convention

• Opposition to the Embargo Act grew by 1815.
• Federalists in New England met and considered
  secession
• Right of nullification stated
• If an action passed by the Federal government
  harms a state, the state may disregard the
  action.
• After New Orleans, convention looks absurd and
  the Federalists disappear.

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Criticism of Hartford Convention
Complete ExplanationCharles's satire attacks
the Hartford Convention, a series of secret
meetings of New England Federalists held in
December 1814. The artist caricatures radical
secessionist leader Timothy Pickering and
lampoons the inclinations toward secession by
convention members Rhode Island, Massachusetts,
and Connecticut, alleging encouragement from
English King George III. In the center, on a
shore kneels Timothy Pickering, with hands
clasped praying, "I, Strongly and most fervently
pray for the success of this great leap which
will change my vulgar name into that of my Lord
of Essex. God save the King." On a precipice
above him, a man, representing Massachusetts,
pulls two others (Rhode Island and Connecticut)
toward the edge. Rhode Island "Poor little I,
what will become of me? this leap is of a
frightful size -- I sink into despondency."
Connecticut "I cannot Brother Mass let me pray
and fast some time longer -- little Rhode will
jump the first." Massachusetts "What a
dangerous leap!!! but we must jump Brother Conn."
Across the water, on the right, sits George III
with arms stretched out toward the men on the
cliff. He calls, "O'tis my Yankey boys! jump in
my fine fellows plenty molasses and Codfish
plenty of goods to Smuggle Honours, titles and
Nobility into the bargain." On the left, below
the cliff, is a medallion inscribed with the
names of Perry, McDonough, Hull, and other heroes
of the War of 1812 and decorated with a ribbon
which reads, "This is the produce of the land
they wish to abandon."
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Lasting Effects of the War of 1812

• Nationalism grew in the United States.
• The idea of the US being a separate nation was
  solidified even further.
• People assumed that Florida would become property
  of the US at any time.
• They started to move into the area before it was
  official.
• Jackson was given control of the US Army.
• He uses this new power to invade and take over
  Florida.

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Quick Review

• Was the War of 1812 justified?
• How would you have handled the issues if you were
  James Madison?
• Do we have war hawks today?

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Sample Test Question

• In 1812, members of Congress wanted to go to war
  with Great Britain because
• The British were capturing US sailors
• Britain refused to ship goods to the US
• Britain was forming alliances with Natives
• British were sinking French ships

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Part V James Monroes Presidency
1817-1825
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A Look at Monroe

• 5th president of the US
• Served from 1816-1824
• His presidency is known as the Era of Good
  Feelings.
• He is most famous for issuing what would become
  known as the Monroe Doctrine.
• Thomas Jefferson said, Monroe is so honest that
  if you turned his soul inside out, there would
  not be a spot on it.

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Era of Good Feelings

• With the absence of the Federalists, the
  Republicans had almost total power.
• Programs were created to bind the nation
  together
• National Banks- support from men like Calhoun,
  Clay, and Webster
• Building roads and canals
• Protecting new businesses from foreign
  competition
• Protective Tariffs

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Court Cases during Monroes Administration

• Martin v. Hunters Lessee- (1816) Supreme Court
  is supreme over state courts
• McCullough v. Maryland- (1819) natl bank was
  constitutional
• Cohens v. Virginia- (1821) stated that states
  gave up some rights to the Federal government
  when they ratified the Constitution restated
  supremacy of the federal court system
• Gibbons v. Ogden- (1824) allowed Congress to
  regulate interstate commerce (trade)

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Andrew Jackson in Florida

• Under Monroe, the US became a world power.
• John C. Calhoun (Sec. of War) gave Jackson
  permission to invade Florida in 1818 to combat
  trouble with natives there.
• Jackson and his troops go into Florida and fight
  the Seminoles. He disobeyed orders and removed
  the Spanish governor of Florida from power.
• Spain demands that Jackson be punished.
• Jackson with the help of John Q. Adams blamed the
  Spanish for not controlling the natives.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

• 1819
• Treaty between the United States and Spain that
  smoothed out tensions between the two countries.
• Established the western boundary of the US to be
  the Rocky Mountains.
• Settlers still had access to the Pacific through
  lands claimed by US, Great Britain, and Russia.
• This is how we gained control of Florida.

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Monroe Doctrine

• Told the rest of the world (especially Europe) to
  stay out of American affairs.
• Developed out of concern for Russias influence
  on the Pacific Coast and the risk of Latin
  America being bullied by more powerful European
  countries.
• Monroe said that the US should not be considered
  as subjects for future colonization by any
  European powers.

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The Monroe Doctrine was announced ins message to
Congress, during his second term on Dec. 2, 1823,
in part as follows

• In the discussions to which this interest has
  given rise, and in the arrangements by which they
  may terminate, the occasion has been deemed
  proper for asserting as a principle in which
  rights and interests of the United States are
  involved, that the American continents, by the
  free and independent condition which they have
  assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
  considered as subjects for future colonization by
  any European power. . . . We owe it, therefore,
  to candor and to the amicable relations existing
  between the United States and those powers to
  declare that we should consider any attempt on
  their part to extend their system to any portion
  of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and
  safety. With the existing colonies or
  dependencies of any European power we have not
  interfered and shall not interfere. But with the
  governments who have declared their independence
  and maintain it, and whose independence we have,
  on great consideration and on just principles,
  acknowledged, we could not view any interposition
  for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling
  in any other manner their destiny by any European
  power in any other light than as the
  manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward
  the United States.

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Quick Review

• How did the Monroe Doctrine lead the US to become
  a world police power?
• Was our involvement justified?
• Would you have punished Jackson for his actions
  in Florida or celebrated him?

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Sample Test Question

• In 1823, a policy was announced that would
  determine US involvement in Latin America to the
  present-day. The ______ stated that no European
  power could establish colonies in Latin America.
• The American System
• The Non-intervention Plan
• The New World Order
• The Monroe Doctrine