International Workshop

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• International Workshop
• on
• Service provision governance in the peri-urban
  interface of metropolitan areas
• 11-12, Feb. 2005
• Organised by
• DPU, University College of London and
• Citizens Allience for Sustainable Living( SUSTAN)
• Public-Private Partnership to Improve
  Environmental Sanitaion through Sustainable
  Technologies Sulabh Experience
• By
• Dr. P. K. Jha, M.Sc. Ph.D.
• Director General
• Sulabh International Institute of Technical
  Research Training
• New Delhi
• Emailsulabhpkjha_at_vsnl.net

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Sustainable Development

• Achievement of continued economic development
  without detriment to the environmental and
  natural resources.
• Objective is to minimize-
• Resource depletion
• Environmental degradation
• Cultural disruption
• Social instability

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Sanitation

• 1. Human Waste Management
• a- Individual Toilets
• b- Public Toilets
• c- Public toilet linked biogas plant with SET
  system
• 2. Waste Water Treatment through duckweed
• 3. Solid Waste Management through STAC

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Technologies for human waste management

• Sewerage System
• High maintenance operational costs
• Enormous amount of water is required
• Septic tanks system
• High cost
• Tank cleaning a major problem
• Disposal of undegraded excreta-environmental
  hazard
• More than 2 gallons of water is required

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Two pit pour flush toilet

• Eco-friendly, Socio-culturally acceptable,
  Economically affordable
• Hygienically and technically appropriate
• Low cost easy to construct
• Can be constructed in different hydro geological
  conditions
• Needs only 2 lts. of water to flush excreta

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Two pit

• Does not require scavengers to clean pits
• Different models- affordable to economically
  weaker people
• Sulabh implemented over 1.2 million units.
• Cost of a unit varies from US 10 to 1000.
• Locally available materials can be used to
  construct
• Liberated over 60,000 scavengers in India

• Models of toilets

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Manure from human waste

• Manure is taken out after 2 years
• Manure is free from pathogens and Odourless
• Contains good percentage of nitrogen, potash and
  phosphate
• Can be granulated, packed and transported at the
  site of use.

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Sulabh Public toilet complexes

• Pay use Sulabh public toilet complexes
• Suitable for slums, public places, etc.
• Sulabh takes Maintenance guarantee of such
  toilets
• Toilets are self sustained
• Implemented over 6000 such complexes
• Primary health centers are also attached with
  Public toilets

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Pay Use Public toilets .

• Financially viable
• Help eliminate Social stigma psychological
  taboo
• Provides Employment opportunity to local people
• Minimizes financial burden on Municipalities
• It delivers Quality services
• Takes care of effective treatment of excreta with
  sustainable technology-i.e., biogas SET system

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Centralised Wastewater Treatment System

• Centralized system is unaffordable, due to
• High costs of sewage collection
• High OM costs
• Requires much energy
• Requires much space- a major constraint in urban
  areas
• Needs specialized man power
• Economic return is almost nil
• Very low coverage

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Human Excreta based biogas plant

• Sulabh Model of biogas plant
• Approved by the MNES, Govt. of India
• Complete underground and R.C.C structure
• No manual handling is required
• No gas holder is required
• Production of gas is one cft. Per user per day
• Constructed over 140 biogas plants of 30-60
  cum.capacity

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Biogas plant.

• HRT - 30 days
• Gas storage capacity - 50
• Reduction of pathogens varies from 85-100
• Reductions of BOD and COD are 85-90 in effluent
• Over-dilution of human wastes should be avoided

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Composition of Biogas

• Human Excreta based biogas contains
• 65 66 Methane
• 32-34 Carbon dioxide
• Rest hydrogen sulphide and other gases in
  traces
• Calorific value of Methane is 24MJ/cum or about
  5000Kcal/cum

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Energy equivalence of biogas

• A thousand cft (30cum) of biogas (produced from
  1000 users of a toilet complex), is equivalent
  to
• 600 cft of natural gas
• 6.4 gallons of butane
• 5.2 gallons of gasoline
• 4.6 gallons of diesel oil

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Uses of biogas

• Cooking
• Mantle lamp
• Electricity generation
• Body warming during winter

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uses..
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uses.

• Biogas based dual fuel genset requires only 20
  diesel and rest is substituted by biogas
• Biogas consumption by engine is 15 cft/BHP/hour

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uses.

• A public toilet used by about 2000 persons per
  day produces approximately 60 cum of biogas which
  can run a 10 KVA genset for 8 hours a day,
  producing 65 units of power.

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Sulabh Effluent Treatment Technology
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Sulabh Effluent Treatment Technology

• Effluent is passed through activated charcoal
  followed by U-V
• Treated effluent is Pathogen free ,Odourless,
  Colourless having BOD less than 10 mg/l
• Suitable for agriculture, aquaculture,
• kitchen gardens or cleaning of floors of
  Public toilets, or safe discharge into any water
  body.

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Advantages of Sulabh Technology of Wastewater
Treatment

• No manual handling of human excreta is required
• Aesthetically and socially acceptable
• Technically appropriate and financially
  affordable.
• Operational Maintenance costs very low
• Biogas is used for different purposes
• Treated effluent is safe to reuse or discharge
  into any water body
• In draught prone areas treated effluent can be
  used for cleaning of floor of public toilets
• Direct economic return by using effluent in
  agriculture and aquaculture

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Duckweed based waste water treatment

• A fast growing free floating plant
• Reduces BOD,COD of waste water
• Contains up to 30 protein
• Complete feed for fish
• In treated water fish is grown
• Economic return

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Advantages of Duckweed

• Fast growing, resulting in efficient nutrient
  uptake
• Less sensitive to low temperature
• Absorb heavy metals
• High protein and low fibre content
• Harvesting less complicated
• Prevents growth of algae
• Decrease mosquitoes breeding
• Positive effect on odour control

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Sulabh Thermophilic Aerobic Composting

• STAC requires 10 days to degrade wastes
• No manual handling of waste during composting
• Much less space requires
• Compost is pathogen free
• It functions at low temperature also
• More suitable for housing colonies, hostels,
  hilly areas.

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Low coverage of sanitation is due to

• Lack of political will and administrative support
  for the sanitation programme.
• Lack of insufficient awareness among people,
  particularly those in the rural areas, about the
  need of sanitation and its health consequences.
• Health sectors least involvement and lack of
  adequate advocacy on its part.
• Failure to develop a demand-driven approach with
  adequate participation of the people at the
  grassroot level.
• Lack of professional marketing strategy.
• The lack of choice of toilet design,
  area-specific technologies, inadequate supporting
  delivery systems

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Awareness Generation and Creating Demand for
Sanitation

• For decades, the sanitation programme in India,
  has been conceptualized as supply-driven,
  government promoted and govt controlled
  programme. It needs to be converted into a
  demand-driven, people-centered and community-led
  programme.
• For effective awareness generation, and creation
  of demand for sanitary facilities, government
  must undertake the following programmes by
  involving NGOs, CBOs as well as private sector
  organizations.

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Awareness

• Sensitization of policy makers and programme
  managers at all levels of governments - central /
  state / local bodies.
• Continuing education programme on Hygiene and
  Sanitation, to the professionals like medical and
  public health doctors, public health engineers,
  social workers, etc.
• Inclusion of Hygiene Education in the regular
  curriculum at primary and secondary school
  levels.
• A massive campaign should be launched in the
  mass-media.