GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Biology 556

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GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Biology 556

• Lecture Tuesdays 6-845 PM
• Professor Dr. Frank V. Paladino
• Office SB G-56
• Phone [phone] or 6305
• COURSE DESCRIPTION A comparative study of how
  geneticly different and diverse animal groups
  respond and adapt their functional
  characteristics to the same environmental stimuli.

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• The principles of physiology and their
  application to how animals function in different
  environments. An integration and coordination of
  functional relationships which occur in more than
  one group of animals.
• REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS Animal Physiology 5th
  Edition. By K. Schmidt- Nielsen Cambridge U
  Press 2002

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• In addition there will be required journal
  articles which will be given in the form of
  handouts or held on reserve at the library.
  Students will be expected to have all readings
  completed prior to class and be prepared to ask
  and receive questions on the material covered.
• COURSE GRADING POLICYThere will be three lecture
  exams each worth 100 points consisting of short
  answer and essay questions. There will also be
  one library research paper worth 40 points.

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• Grade Calculation for 556
• 306 - 340 points A
• 272 - 305 B
• 238 - 271 C
• 204 - 237 D
• Below 203 F

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• LECTURE OUTLINE UNIT 1 READINGS Chapters 1,
  2, 3,
• General Introduction.
• Definition of Life
• All life must be capable of reproduction of their
  unique structure function, be able to
  metabolize and adapt to their surrounding
  environment long enough to reproduce, and have
  the ability to evolve (slight structural and
  functional changes through generations of life)
  Life on this planet is based on 4 basic
  chemicals, Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
  nucleic acids.
• All life could have started spontaneously from
  the Primordial soup and atmosphere of the
  primative earth. Oparin Haldane theory.

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• A. Internal vs External Environments
• 1. Homeostasis
• 2. The cellular environment
• Physiological Adaptations for
• 1. Aerial Environments
• 2. Aquatic environments
• 3. Terrestrial environments
• B. Acclimation vs Acclimatization
• 1. Definitions
• 2. Adaptation
• 3. Contrast of physiological approaches to
  adaptation

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a. Regulator b. Conformer D. Animal
Fitness 1. Survival tests and physiological
limits 2. Population environmental limits
(reproduction) II. Respiration, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, exchange.
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• 2. Effects of altitude and pressure on
  respiration
• A comparison of aerial and aquatic respiration
  procurement of O2 from the environment.
• A. Animals without specialized organs
• B. Specialized Respiratory organs basic design
  and function
• 1. tracheal systems
• 2. gills - a respiratory evagination
• 3. lungs - a respiratory invagination
• 4. skin

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A. Basic physical gas laws 1. Ideal gas law (P x
V n x R x T) 2. Daltons law of partial
pressures (Pt P1 P2 Px) 3. Solubility
of gases in water (Henry's law) V a
xP 4. Diffusion of gases in water and
air. B. Composition of the atmosphere 1. Effects
of water vapor on gas mixture and
respiration
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• C. Aquatic respiration and gills
• 1. irrigation vs ventilation
• a. comparison of medium viscosity and movement
  of medium over the gill or movement of gill
  over the medium.
• b. A comparison of the energy cost, mechanical
  damage, effect of medium influence on gas
  exchange, dry vs wet environment,
• c. Effects of temperature, salinity, ion content
  other chemicals on gas exchange

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• b. other gill functions
• 1) osmotic and ionic regulation
• 2) waste removal
• 2. Basic structure and function of gills
• a. enclosed in chamber for protection and
  flow pattern
• b. counter current effect
• c. arches, filaments, lamella
• d. crab gills
• D. Respiration in Air, Lungs, skin, tracheal
  systems.
• gills and air respiration
• (exceptions)
• Use of skin
• Other respiratory organ

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During the summer Frog lungs become a more
important source of O2 because in the higher
summer temps the MR is increased.
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Toad skin and lung can vary with respect to the
uptake and release of O2 and CO2 depending on the
temperature At 5 C the skin is more important
than lung for O2. The same is true for CO2
release
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Birds can fly at high altitudes because their one
way flow through lung is more efficient at
extracting O2 from the air. Tidal flow in
mammalian lung is not as efficient.
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For air to move completely through the avian
respiratory system of air sacs and rigid one way
flow lungs there must be 2 complete respiratory
cycles.
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Sea Cucumbers are the only marine invertebrate
with a true tidal lung that suctions water in and
then pushes it back out the same aperature (Anus)
What would you predict about the metabolic
rate and activity level of these animals from
their lung structure and function?
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Invertebrates have complex respiratory systems
including, gills and diffusion lungs.
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External gills can be a liability. It is
interesting to note that at the base of many
polychaete worms are parapodia that can be
specialized to bite or clamp down on anything
that tries to damage or eat these fine gill
filaments
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The egg shell and membranes serve as the exchange
barriers and surface for embryos the are placed
in them. Pore size and number become important
factors in respiration
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Lung volumes are constant relative to body size
and are about 5 7 of total body mass.
Allometry is an important tool for comparing
different sized animals and the proportion of
their body devoted to an organ or tissue.
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Blood Pigments help to Transport respiratory
gas. The evolution of these pigment arose as
organisms became larger and more complex and also
as they moved from a aquatic environment onto the
land.
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• A. Respiratory pigments
• 1.Comparison of 4 principle blood pigments
• a. Hemoglobin (erythrocurin)
• 1) Structure (allosteric effects)
• 2) Distribution
• 3) Bohr effect Reverse Bohr effect
• 4) Root effect
• 5) Temperature
• 6) 2-3 DPG pigment enhancers
• b. Chlorocrourin
• 1) structure
• 2) distribution
• 3) other

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Blood Pigments Continued

• c. Hemerythrin
• 1) structure
• 2) distribution
• 3) other
• d. Hemocyanin
• 1) structure
• 2) distribution
• 3) other

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• 2. Intracellular pigments
• a. myoglobin
• b. cytochromes
• c. chlorophyll

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B. Role of respiratory pigments in different
environments 1.High P O2 - low affinity pigments
example Terrestrial mammals lots of easily
accessible O2 in normal air, no need for thich
protective diffusion barrier because no ionic
problems in gas exchange in air, low affinity
pigment allows for easier greater unloading at
cells/tissues and permits high O2 use, easier
delivery Another example is in marine
environments where polychaetes like Sabella have
chlorocrourin and the pigment acts as an
emergency store and increases the blood O2
carrying capacity 2.High P O2 - High affinity
pigment i.e. decapod crustaceans like Spiny
lobster from the marine environment have basic
problems with ionic/osmotic balance in marine
environment. Need a high affinity pigment to
pick up O2 across thick gill diffusion barrier
that is designed to help control water loss and
ion influx from sea water. High affinity needed
to facilitate O2 uptake across thick gill
barrier. Unloads only at very low cell/tissue O2
tensions
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3.Low P O2 - High affinity pigment found in
invertebrates that move from high O2 to areas of
low O2 regularly . Inverts living in fluctuating
environments like local lakes where O2 in water
can be quite high but the animals then travel
into anaerobic mudflats where the pigment then
serves as an O2 reserve during emergency . Under
normal circumstances O2 bound to pigment is not
used. Another i.e. is planorbis (pulmonate snail)
uses high affinity pigment to allow for longer
dives under water wnere O2 is low and will
ventilate lung chamber before and after dive
where air is stored and pigment can procure O2
during dive. 4.Low P O2 - Low affinity pigment
i.e. Sipunculid worms (peanut worms) like
Siphonosoma ingens that lives in a marine
sediment burrow. Has interesting circulatory
system where blood cells contain heme-erythrin in
thick walled tentacles that emerge from burrow.
Harsh water/ion gradients in marine water but
they have a low affinity pigment in tentacles.
In body cavity have a high affinity coelomic
pigment that facilitates uptake of O2 obtained by
tentacles pigment.
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Control of Respiration is it O2 or CO2 that is
more important?
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Control of Respiration

• Respiratory control center in brain a
  reverberating circuit.
• Primary pacemakers are inspiratory center found
  in the pons medula of higher vertebrates
• Send impulses to Diaphram or musces of
  inspiration via phrenic nerve
• Also send impulses to apneustic or expiratory
  center and stimulate them to eventually fire and
  turn off pacemaker cells

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Why is CO2 more important?

• Henderson Hasslebach equation
• CO2 H20 -----? H2CO3 -? HCO3 H
• This reaction is sped up by Carbonic Anhydrase
  found in Erythrocyte membranes
• pH Blood 6.1 x log10 of HCO3/H2CO3

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Air Bladder rete for O2