Life Cycle Nutrition:

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Chapter 16

• Life Cycle Nutrition
• Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence

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Nutrition During Infancy I. Energy and
Nutrient Needs

• A. Energy Intake and Activity
• 1. Fastest rate of growth occurs in 1st year
• a. Weight doubles in 4 mo., triples in 12 mo.
• 2. BMR twice that of adult, 100 kcal/kg vs. 40
  kcal/kg
• a. An 170 lb. adult would have to consume 7000
  kcal/day
• 3. As growth rate declines activity increases

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Weight Gain During Childhood
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Energy Expenditure of an Infant
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Nutrition During Infancy (cont)

• B. Vitamins and Minerals
• 1. Recommendations based on content in human
  milk (fig 16-3)
• C. Water
• 1. Greater of body weight is fluid
• 2. 1.5 ml/kcal energy expended
• ( 5 cups/day)
• 3. Especially careful in hot weather,
  diarrhea, vomiting

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Nutrient Requirements of an Adult vs. a 5 Month
Old Child
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Nutrient Requirements of an Adult vs. a 5 Month
Old Child
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Percentages of Energy Yielding Nutrients in an
Adult vs. a Childs Diet
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II. Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula

• A. Breast Milk
• 1. Recommended for full-term infants
• 2. Energy nutrients
• a. CHO
• 1. Lactose (increases Ca absorption)
• b. Protein
• 1. alpha-lactalbumin easy to digest
• b. Fat
• 1. rich in linoleic acid

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Breast Milk (cont)

• 3. Vitamins
• a. Vitamin D only possible limiting
  nutrient
• 1. Supplements recommended
• 2. Depends on environment 4. Minerals
• a. Ca to P ratio is ideal for Ca absorption
• b. Fe highly absorbable
• c. Zn highly absorbable

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Breast Milk (cont)

• 5. Supplements (table 16-1)
• a. Not required in breast-fed infants
  (possibly Vitamin D)
• b. possibly Fe and fluoride at 6 mo.
• 6. Immunological protection
• a. Colostrum
• 1. Produced during first 2-3 days
• 2. Contains immunoglobulins (antiviral),
  lactoferrin (antibacterial)- prevents
  bacteria from using Fe in milk
• 1. Promote growth of good bacteria

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Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont)

• B. Infant Formula
• 1. Infant formula composition
• a. Cow milk based similar to human
• b. Fortified with Fe
• c. Must be careful of water quality
• 2. Risks of formula feeding
• a. Contamination
• 1. Contaminated water supply
• a. Diarrhea, vomiting (dehydration)

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Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont) Risks of
formula feeding (cont)

• b. Dilution
• 1. Economy
• 2. Decrease in nutrients
• 3. Standards
• a. All infant formulas contain the same
  nutrients (recommended by Am. Ac. of Ped.)
• b. FDA insures quality
• 4. Special formulas
• a. Soy based formulas
• 1. Allergic to casein (cow protein)
• 2. Lactose intolerance

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Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont) Risks of
formula feeding (cont)

• 5. Other concerns a. Appropriate uses
• 1. Breast-feed for 1 year then wean child to
  cows milk
• 2. Breast-feed less than a year wean to
  formula
• b. Inappropriate formulas
• 1. Soy beverages, goats milk
• c. Nursing bottle tooth decay (pg. 585)

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Energy Yielding Nutrients in Human Milk vs.
Formula
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Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
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Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
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Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
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Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
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Nutrition During Infancy (cont)

• C. Introducing First Foods
• 1. When to introduce solid foods
• a. Usually around 4-6 mo.
• 1. Teeth have developed
• 2. Ability to swallow solid foods
• b. Indications of readiness
• 1. Birth-weight has doubled
• 2. Sit with support, control head
  movement

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Nutrition During Infancy (cont)Introducing First
Foods (cont)

• 2. Water
• a. Solid foods increase risk of dehydration
• b. Inability to concentrate urine- increase
  water
• 3. Allergy causing foods
• a. Introduce foods singly not in combinations
• b. Usually rice cereal is first

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Nutrition During Infancy (cont)Introducing First
Foods (cont)

• 4. Choice of infant foods
• a. Select solid foods with Fe and Vitamin C
• 1. Fe stores depleted at 4-6 mo.
• 2. Mix cereals with Fe fortified formula,
  breast milk or juices containing
  Vitamin C
• 5. Foods at 1 year
• a. Cows milk primary nutrient source
• 1. Whole milk
• b. Similar foods an adult consumes with the
  addition of Fe fortified cereals

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Nutrition During Childhood I. Energy and
Nutrient Needs

• A. Energy Intake and Activity
• 1. Energy needs increase but per kg they
  decrease
• a. 1 year old- 1000 kcal/day
• b. 3 year old- 1300 kcal/day
• c. 10 year old- 2000 kcal/day
• 2. Activity varies widely
• 3. Growth charts
• a. Indicator of childs nutritional status

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Vitamins and Minerals (cont)

• B. Vitamins and Minerals
• 1. Increase in growth requires increased
  minerals
• 2. RDAs established in 3 year time
  periods
• C. Planning Childrens Meals
• 1. Portion sizes 1 tbl / year
• (table 16-5)

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II. Hunger and Malnutrition in Children

• A. Malnutrition and Health
• 1. Responsible for 50 of children deaths
  under 4 years (worldwide)
• a. Vitamin A, Fe and Zn especially
• 2. 11 million children under age 12 are
  hungry in US

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Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)

• B. Hunger and Behavior
• 1. Breakfast
• a. Increased scores on achievement test
• b. Impaired concentration, attention, lower
  IQ
• 2. Blood glucose
• a. Brains major energy source
• b. Childs liver only supplies glucose for 4
  hours
• 1. Midmorning snack suggested

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Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)

• C. Fe Deficiency and Behavior
• 1. Most prevalent nutritional problem in the
  US
• 2. Increased requirement (growth) and
  insufficient intake
• a. snacks and meals include Fe-rich foods
• 3. Due to lead ingestion
• a. Paint chips

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Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont) Fe
Deficiency and Behavior (cont)

• 4. Behavior a. Problems with ability to pay
  attention, decrease in intellectual
  performance, lack of motivation to engage in
  mentally challenging task 1. Decreased
  oxygen to cells enzyme cofactor in energy
  pathways 2. Altered neurotransmitter synthesis

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Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)

• D. Nutrition, Hyperactivity, and Hyper
  Behavior
• 1. Sugar
• a. no evidence of a relationship
• 2. Caffeine
• a. Contributes by increasing sleeplessness
  and restlessness

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Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)

• E. Adverse Reactions to Foods
• food intolerance and food allergy
• 1. Food intolerance
• a. Symptoms- Stomach ache, headache,
  rapid pulse rate, nausea, hives, coughs
• b. Causes- chemicals in foods (MSG),
  natural chemicals in foods (sulfur),
  metabolic disease (lactose
  intolerance)
• c. No antibody production

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Adverse Reactions to Foods (cont)

• 2. Food allergy
• a. Immunological response
• 1. Antibody production, histamine
• b. Immediate or delayed response
• 1. Minutes - hours
• c. 75 of reactions caused by eggs, peanuts
  or milk
• d. 2-8 of children, 2 of adults
• 1. Outgrow or tolerance develops

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Nutrition During AdolescenceI. Growth and
Development

• A. Nutrient Needs Greatest
• 1. Growth spurt
• a. Females at 10-11 and peaks at 12
• b. Males 12-13 and peaks at 14
• 2. Body composition
• a. Females more fat
• 1. Grow 6", add 35 lb.
• b. Males more lean body mass, bone mass
• 1. Grow 8", add 45 lb.

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Nutrition During Adolescence (cont)Growth and
Development (cont)

• B. Energy and Nutrient Needs
• 1. Energy intake and activity
• a. Activity varies widely, an active 15 y/o
  male may require 4000 kcal/day, an
  inactive 15 y/o girl 2000 kcal/day
• 2. Iron
• a. Menstruation leads to increased
• b. Increased lean body mass requires more

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Nutrition During Adolescence (cont) Energy and
Nutrient Needs (cont)

• 3. Calcium
• a. bone development at peak
• 1. Calcium requirement at peak
• 2. Establish calcium bank