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Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood,

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Breast Milk (cont) ... to copy Breast Milk composition. AAP recommends Iron ... Must include specified servings of milk, protein-rich foods, vegetables, fruit, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood,


1
Life Cycle NutritionInfancy, Childhood,
Adolescence
  • Chapter 16

2
Infant Nutrition
  • Infants grow faster during 1st year than ever
    again!
  • Weight doubles by 4-6 months
  • Weight triples by 12 months
  • Length increased 50 by 12 months
  • Growth is an indicator of nutritional status

3
CDC Growth Charts
4
Energy Nutrient Needs of the Infant
  • Kcalorie needs 100 kcals/kg
  • Carbohydrates provide 60 of energy intake (60
    95 grams/d)
  • Fat provides most of the energy (30 31 grams/d)
  • Protein especially important for growth and
    development (approx. 1.5 grams/kg/day)

5
Vitamins Minerals
  • More than double the needs of an adult in
    proportion to weight
  • Especially high for
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin D
  • Iodine

6
Nutrient Needs of the Infant
7
Breast Milk
  • Perfect food for infants
  • Energy nutrients Protein 6 Carbohydrate
    39 Fat 55.
  • Protein Main protein is alpha-lactalbumin
    well-digested absorbed, less stress on immature
    kidneys

8
Breast Milk (cont)
  • Carbohydrates Disaccharide lactose easily
    digested, enhances Calcium absorption
  • Fats Main source of energy EFA linoleic
    linolenic acids, generous amount
  • Immunological Protection
  • Allergy/Disease Protection

9
Figure 16-3Page 547
Percentages of Energy-Yielding Nutrients in
Breast Milk and in Recommended Adult Diets
23
Protein
6
55
Fat
28
Carbohydrate
55
39
Breast milk
Recommended adult diets
The proportions of energy-yielding nutrients in
human breast milk differ from those recommended
for adults
10
Breast Milk
  • Vitamins
  • Vitamin D content low
  • Vitamin D supplementation recommended by AAP for
    breastfed infants
  • Vitamin K injection at birth for both breast
    bottle fed infants
  • Minerals
  • Calcium is well absorbed
  • High bioavailability of iron and zinc
  • Low in sodium and fluoride

11
Recommended Supplements
12
(No Transcript)
13
Infant Formula
  • Composition attempts to copy Breast Milk
    composition
  • AAP recommends Iron-fortified formula
  • Risks No protective antibodies
  • FDA mandates safety nutrition quality of infant
    formulas
  • Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay dont sleep with
    bottle

14
Introducing Solid Foods
  • Birth 4-6 Months
  • Breast milk or formula
  • Delay cows milk until 12 mo associated with
    intestinal bleeding, iron deficiency
  • 4-6 months
  • Cereals (begin w/ Fe fortified rice cereal-least
    allergenic) pureed vegs/ fruit

15
Feeding tips for infants
  • Introduce one food at a time, single-ingredient
    items
  • Allow 4-5 days between
  • Allergic rxn skin rash, digestive upset,
    respiratory discomfort

16
Feeding Progression
  • 6 8 months ? Breads/other cereals textured
    vegs/fruits plain, unsweetened fruit juice from
    cup
  • 8-10 months? breads/cereals from table yogurt
    soft, cooked vegs finely cut meats, fish,
    casseroles, cheese, egg yolks, legumes

17
Feeding Progression, Continued
  • 10-12 months
  • Most foods (whole milk and egg whites ok)
  • 12 months-All foods
  • Do NOT give honey until 12 months
  • Foods to avoid ? concentrated sweets, canned
    vegetables (high in sodium), honey corn syrup

18
Table 16-2Page 552
19
(No Transcript)
20
Foods at One Year
  • 2 -3 cups cows milk
  • Use whole milk until age 2, then LF ok
  • Excessive milk intake can contribute to anemia
    (milk NOT a good source of Fe)
  • Balance and variety from all food groups
  • Drink liquids from a cup, not a bottle

21
Sample Menu for One Year Old
22
In-text Figure Page 544
After six months, energy saved by slower growth
is spent in increased activity.
23
Child Nutrition
  • Growth and Nutrient needs
  • Growth rate decreases at age one year
  • Appetite decreases
  • Childs appetite fluctuates
  • Child regulates own food intake
  • Prior to adolescent growth spurt, accumulate
    nutrient stores

24
Mypyramid.gov
25
Energy and Nutrient Needs
  • Needs vary widely because of growth and physical
    activity
  • Energy requirements
  • 1 year 800 kcals
  • 6 years 1,600 kcals
  • 10 years 2,000 kcals
  • Inactivity can lead to obesity
  • Vegans may have difficulty meeting energy needs

26
(No Transcript)
27
Macronutrient Needs
  • Carbohydrate recommendations same as for adults
  • Fiber intakes change with age (Age 5)
  • Fat
  • Ages 1 3 years 30 40 kcals from fat
  • Ages 4 18 years 25 35 kcals from fat
  • Protein needs increase slightly with age

28
Vitamin Mineral Needs
  • Needs increase with age
  • Balanced diet meets all needs except iron
  • Iron-fortified foods are important
  • Supplements not needed

29
Feeding with Love
  • First year of life foundation of emotional and
    physical health set
  • Make meal times happy
  • Set good example, parents as role models
  • Introduce variety of nutritious foods in an
    inviting way

30
  • Parent
  • Responsible for what child is offered to eat
  • Child
  • Responsible for how much and whether to eat

31
Feeding with Love, Continued
  • Avoid finish your plate or food as reward
  • Allow child to explore and enjoy food
  • Dont force food on children
  • Discourage unacceptable behavior

32
More Tips for Parents
  • Children prefer familiar foods-offer foods
    regularly
  • Offer vegetables more often
  • Serve warm, not hot
  • Mild flavors
  • Crispy cooked vegetables
  • Involve child in meal planning

33
More Tips for Parents, Continued
  • Offer new foods at beginning of meal )when child
    is hungry, more likely to try)
  • Teach children how to snack healthily
  • Encourage variety from all food groups
  • Limit sweets-children unable to select food based
    on nutrition alone (preference for sweets innate)

34
Malnutrition in Children
  • Estimated 11 million children in US hungry and in poverty
  • Hungry children 2-3 X more likely-- sick
  • Chronic hunger? malnourished/growth retardation
  • Behavioral symptoms (irritable, aggressive,
    withdrawn) may be d/t malnutrition
  • Malnutrition/ lead poisoning linked

35
Lead Poisoning
36
Hyperactivity
  • Also known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
    Disorder (ADHD)
  • 5 of school-aged children
  • ADD not associated w/ poor diet poor diet
    itself-- behavior problems
  • Treatment includes behavioral strategies, psych
    counseling, possibly medication

37
Food Allergies
  • True food allergy vs intolerance
  • True food allergy whole food protein/large
    molecule elicits immunological response
  • Allergies always involve antibody production
    (without antibody synthesis intolerance)

38
Food Allergies
  • Food allergy to one food common
  • Food allergy to multiple foods exception
  • Estimated 3 - 5 children allergic to certain
    foods typically outgrow
  • 3 most common food allergies eggs, peanuts,
    milk cause 75 of allergies

39
Childhood Obesity
  • Dramatic increase in past 20 years
  • Est. 1 of 5 children in US overweight
  • Factors Genetics, diet, physical inactivity
  • Problems Obese children ? obese adults
    Physical health affected with harmful blood
    lipids, high blood pressure, Type 2 DM
    Psychological affects ? poor self-image

40
Childhood Obesity
  • Prevention/Treatment
  • Diet reduce rate of wt gain family meals with
    kcal control eat slowly, stop when full
    nutrient dense foods, portion control never
    force to clean plate
  • Physical Activity Recommend at least 30 min
    activity/day parents act as role models
  • Psychological support/ Behavioral changes

41
Child Nutrition
  • Dental Caries A common childhood problem.
    Prevention brush/floss after meals snacks
    Avoid sticky foods Choose crisp/fibrous foods
    for snacks
  • Choking Prevention Children should sit when
    eating adult supervision foods most likely to
    cause choking? peanut butter by spoonful,
    popcorn, whole grapes, hot dog pieces, hard
    candies, nuts, raw carrots

42
Child Nutrition
  • Goal Help form positive eating patterns for
    optimal health throughout life
  • Limit empty kcal foods (sodas, sweets, etc)
  • Regular mealtimes
  • Nutritious snacking
  • Limit TV (Est. 30,000 commercials/yr)
  • Remember children will imitate adults habits

43
School Nutrition
  • National School Breakfast and Lunch
  • Must include specified servings of milk,
    protein-rich foods, vegetables, fruit, and
    breads/grains
  • Designed to provide 1/3 RDI at each meal
  • Meal patterns differ based on grade
  • Problem what children want vs what theyll eat

44
Adolescent Nutrition
  • Nutrient needs diverge during adolescence
  • Female growth spurt 10 yrs, peak 12 yrs
  • Male growth spurt 12, peaks 14 yrs
  • Tremendous variation watch individual growth
    pattern
  • Also, tremendous variation in energy needs-(can
    increase rapidly overnight!)

45
Adolescent Nutrition, Continued
  • 25 kcals from snacks
  • Keep healthy snack foods in the house
  • Kcal needs highest except during pregnancy
  • 1/3 of meals are eaten away from home
  • Nutrients of concern Iron, Calcium

46
Adolescent Nutrition Related Problems
  • Smoking
  • Decreases appetite
  • Eating disorders
  • ETOH abuse (ETOH is 1 drug in US) alters
    nutrient absorption metabolism
  • Drug abuse

47
Early Development of Type 2 Diabetes
  • Increased in recent years
  • Risk factors
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Family history
  • Insulin resistance
  • Increased blood cholesterol HTN

48
Early Development of Heart Disease
  • Hardening of the arteries begins in childhood
  • Blood cholesterol tends to rise as saturated fat
    increases
  • Correlation with childhood obesity
  • Minimize saturated fats and trans fatty acids
  • Focus on nutrient dense foods
  • Moderation of salt intake
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