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Sustainable Transport

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Title: Sustainable Transport


1
Sustainable Transport Mobility Handbook
  • Teacher Training

The sole responsibility for the content of this
presentation lies with the authors. It does not
necessarily reflect the opinion of the European
Communities. The European Commission is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the
information contained therein.
2
Transport
  • Accounts for around a third of all final energy
    consumption
  • Responsible for over a fifth of greenhouse gas
    emissions
  • Transport volumes are growing annually

3
Ways of Transportation
  • Land
  • Consumes on average 85 of the total energy used
    by transport
  • Sea
  • about 7 of energy for transportation is used for
    maritime transport
  • Air
  • Aviation uses about 8 of the energy needed for
    transport issues

4
Energy Demand by Modes of Transport
5
Impacts of Transport
6
European Greenhouse Gas Emissions
7
The Greenhouse Effect
  • The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature
    that the Earth experiences because certain gases
    in the atmosphere (water vapour, carbon dioxide
    (CO2), nitrous oxide, and methane, for example)
    trap energy from the sun by absorbing infrared
    radiation. Without these gases, heat would escape
    back into space and Earths average temperature
    would be about 30C colder. Because of how they
    warm our world, these gases are referred to as
    greenhouse gases.

8
Road Safety
9
Particulates in the Air (PM10)
  • Transport not only produces gaseous pollutants
    but also small particles that can cause various
    diseases. These particles are mostly produced in
    the residential sector and by transport
    (especially from diesel engines).

10
Particulates in the Air (PM10)
  • Dusts with a particle size lower than 10
    micrometers are considered as fine particles or
    particulate matter (PM10). Particles with
    diameters below 10 micrometer are considered as
    respirable, particulate matter smaller than 2,5
    micrometer can penetrate into the gas exchange
    regions of the respiratory tract and also affect
    other organs besides the lung itself.

11
PM10 Emissions in Europe
12
Energy Efficiency in Transport - Approaches
  • Alternative Fuels
  • Alternative Vehicles (designs, engines, etc.)
  • Transport management systems
  • Sustainable driving

13
Fuels
  • Traditionally, the word fuel denoted any
    substance, or mix of substances, that after a
    burning chemical reaction, produces a large
    amount of heat.
  • Alternative fuels are any substances or sources
    of energy other than conventional fuels (gasoline
    and diesel), that can be used for transport. They
    are also called nonconventional fuels.

14
Oil based fuels
  • Gasoline- a volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon
    mixture used as a fuel especially for internal
    combustion engines and usually blended from
    several products of natural gas and petroleum.
  • Diesel - produced from petroleum and is a
    hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional
    distillation of crude oil between 200 C and 350
    C at atmospheric pressure.

15
Gasoline Composition
  • The octane number (ON) is the main criterion for
    determining the antiknock quality of gasoline. It
    is determined through the comparison of gasoline
    with standard compounds, with a known octane
    number.

16
Alternative Fuels
17
Fuels from Natural Gas
  • Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
  • Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

18
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
  • Liquefied petroleum gas or LPG is a colourless
    hydrocarbon gaseous mixture, mainly containing
    propane and butane (i.e. 60 propane and 40
    butane or even 100 propane, or 100 butane).

19
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
  • The Hydrogen fuel cell uses Hydrogen as fuel and
    Oxygen as oxidant.

20
Biofuels
  • A bio fuel is a gaseous, liquid, or solid
    substance of biological origin that is used as a
    fuel.

21
Bioethanol in EU
22
Human Power!
23
Example - Hybrid car
  • Mixture of an electrical and conventional drive
    train
  • Designed to obtain different objectives like
    improved fuel economy, increased power, etc.

24
How does it work?
  • The car transforms energy from braking into
    electric energy
  • Energy is stored in batteries
  • Batteries do not need external power supply or
    recharging
  • Electric motor assists the engine in
    accelerating, passing or hill climbing
  • Engine is shut off automatically when the car
    stops and so prevents waste of energy from idling

25
Example - Hybrid car
26
Battery Powered Transport
  • Electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) are
    rechargeable batteries used in all-electric
    vehicles (EVs) or in plug-in Hybrid-Electric
    Vehicles (PHEVs). The amount of electrical energy
    stored in any battery is measured in ampere
    hours, while energy is usually measured in watt
    hours.

27
Battery Charging
  • Batteries in electric cars must be periodically
    recharged. The most common way of charging these
    batteries is to use the electricity grid (at home
    or in on-road recharging points), that delivers
    power generated from a variety of energy
    resources (including coal, nuclear, etc.).

28
Transport Modes- Space Occupancy
29
Example Sustainable driving
  • Requires a general change of behaviour
  • Can easily be carried out by everyone
  • Can improve mileage by 15-20
  • Reduces Greenhouse Gas emissions

30
Ecodriving Driving Tips
  • Accelerate and brake smoothly
  • Slow down and watch your speed
  • Let aggressive drivers pass by
  • Plan your trips
  • Coast down hills and slight grades
  • Etc.

31
Questions?
  • Any questions?

32
Other Renewable Sources
  • Solar Energy
  • Solar energy is considered to be a renewable
    energy as it is available as long the Sun exists,
    i.e. as long as life on Earth exists. Sunlight
    can be converted into thermal energy
    (solar-thermal modules) or into electrical energy
    (photovoltaic modules).
  • Wind Power
  • Winds kinetic energy can be converted into
    mechanical or electrical energy, by using wind
    turbines.

33
Alternative Fuels
  • Alcohols , compressed natural gas (CNG),
    electricity (stored in batteries or fuel cells),
    hydrogen, liquefied natural gas (LNG, and
    liquefied petroleum gas LPG or propane) as
    alternative fuels.
  • Other alternative fuels include biodiesel, wood,
    vegetable oil, biomass, and peanut oil.
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