Power System Engineering

1
Power System Engineering

• ECE 0909.408.01
• ECE 0909.504.02 - Lecture 3
• 6 February 2006
• Dr. Peter Mark Jansson PP PE

2
Aims

• Review Website
• Panel Box
• Finish Chapter 1 Concepts
• Review Conductors
• Distribution / Transmission
• Generation
• Typical
• All Available Types
• HOMEWORK 1

3
Typical Construction O/H

• Conductors typically ACSR (aluminum conductor
  steel reinforced) one or more per phase with
  appropriate diameter to carry current and load at
  given voltage and strength to handle spans
  between towers and associated dead and live loads

4
Clearances

• Nominal line voltage - Maximum voltage,
• Basic distance, Safe
  distance
• 50 kV - 72,5 kV 0,70 m 1,70 m
• 110 kV - 123 kV 1,20 m 2,20 m
• 150 kV - 170 kV 1,60 m 2,60 m
• 220 kV - 245 kV 2,60 m 3,60 m
• 380 kV - 420 kV 3,60 m 4,60 m
• SAFE DISTANCE divide max. voltage by 100 add 1

5
Underground cables

• Application underground, underwater
• Trench Installation or Duct Bank
• Direct Buried or Cable Tray
• External sheath or ground wrap
• Riser Poles/Terminations
• Manholes for Duct Bank Installations\

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Distribution Cables
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Cross sections
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UD Cable Cross sections

• 25kV primary phase conductor is concentrically
  stranded (Cu or Al) a semi-cond. polyethylene
  shield, polyethylene primary insulation (white),
  another shield, and concentric neutral (Cu or Al)
  wrapped around outer shield.
• Jacketed Cable (shown right) includes an
  additional insulated polyethylene jacket over
  neutral

9
UD Shielded Cable

• Shielded cable Uses a copper longitudinal
  corrugated tape shield in place of the concentric
  neutral strands

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3-phase transmission cable

• 5-46 kV cable for use in aerial, direct burial,
  duct bank, open tray, or underwater applications

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Transmission line models

• Series resistance and inductance per unit length
• Shunt capacitance per unit length
• These values control the power-carrying capacity
  of the transmission line and the voltage drop at
  full load

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The models

• Having a numerical model of the line enables us
  to explain how changing conductor size,
  orientation and spacing affect the overall
  resistance, inductance and capacitance of any
  transmission line.

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DC resistance

• Of any conductor is given by

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Resistance

• Fundamental property of the material used
• Varies linearly with temperature over the normal
  range of operation of transmission lines
• Copper better than aluminum
• AC resistance is higher than DC due to the skin
  effect

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Inductance

• Internal Inductance
• If relative permeability of conductor is 1

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External Inductance

• Where D1 and D2 are two radial distances from the
  center of the conductor

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Total Inductance of 2-phase system
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Inductance

• Greater the spacing between phases the greater
  the inductance of the line
• Greater the radius of the conductors the the
  lower the inductance of the line

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Inductive Reactance

• Depends upon frequency and the overall inductance
  of the line

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Capacitance and Shunt admittance
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For short transmission lines

• Shunt admittance and capacitance can be ignored
• Sending voltage VS is related to receiving
  voltage VR as follows
• NOTE Exact same form as the per-phase equivalent
  of a synchronous generator

22
Real transmission lines

• The line reactance XL is normally much larger
  than the line resistance R, so R is often
  neglected in a qualitative study of transmission
  line behavior

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Generation

• ??

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Power Generation Fuels

• Primary Fuels Used for Electric Generation US and
  Globally US World
• Fossil Fuels 2550 70 8584
  63
• Nuclear 674 19 2315
  17
• Hydro 319 9
  2567 19
• Other 75 2
  208 1
• Units are Billions 109 of kilowatthours
• Data is EIA 1999

25
U.S. Energy Use by Sector
9.4
35.6
28.4
SOURCE Ristinen and Kraushaar 1999
26.7
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The Big Energy Picture

• US
  World
• Energy 95 quads
  380 quads
• Electricity 34 quads
  113 quads
• Used for
• Electricity 36
  30
• SOURCE 1999 Energy Information Administration
  Data and 1999 RK
• What is a Quad? A quadrillion btus (1015 British
  thermal units)

27
Todays Energy Mix
39.7
Fossil Fuels represent 85 of Total
22.7
22.2
6.6
7.1
0.7
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U.S. vs. World
U.S. consumes 25 of the Worlds Energy and 28
of the Worlds Electricity
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U.S. vs. World

• United States Share of World Energy and World
  Population
• Energy Use 25 of world
• Electricity Use 28 of world
• Population 4.6 of world
• Why is this important to know?

30
Important

• A primary US political interest in stability for
  the middle east region stems from our significant
  economic dependence upon stable pricing for
  fossil fuels globally. We are a net importer of
  over 50 of our annual petroleum consumption.
• We are the worlds most productive economy in
  terms of GDP per capita

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US vs. World (GDP per capita)
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Important

• Economic growth/power depends upon low priced,
  readily available energy and electricity.

33
Energy sources and Technology

• Fossil Fuels (natural gas, petroleum, cola, shale
  oil and tar sands)
• Nuclear (fissionUranium an Plutonium based and
  fusion Hydrogen)
• Solar (thermal, photovoltaic, biomass,
  hydroelectric, wind, waves, ocean thermal)
• Geothermal (geopressured, hot dry rock, hot
  water, normal gradient, steam, magma)
• Tidal (potential energy of gravity
  earth-moon-sun system)

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Fossil Fuels

• Chemical Reaction(s) By-Products
•  
• Natural Gas CH4 2O2 --gt CO2 2(H2O)
  CO2, CO, water, hydrocarbons,
• 85 Methane (CH4) and heat (exothermic
  reaction)
• 15 Ethane (C2H6)
•  
• Bottled Gas 2C3H8 9O2 --gt 4CO2 2CO
  CO2, CO, water, hydrocarbons,
• Propane (C3H8) 8(H2O) and heat
  (exothermic reaction)
• Butane (C4H10)
•  
• Petroleum C8H18 12O2 --gt 7CO2 CO
  CO2, CO, water, hydrocarbons,
• Gasoline 9(H2O) and heat (exothermic
  reaction)
• Pentane(C5H12)
• Hexane (C6H14)
• Heptane(C7H16)
• Octane (C8H18)
•  
• Coal C O2 --gt CO2 CO CO2, CO, SO2,
  NO2, water,

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Costs / Benefits - Advantages

• Well-developed Infrastructure
• Most economic at present
• Coal, Oil, Gas
• Adequate present supply

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Significant Environmental Effects

• Global warming
• Resource depletion
• Hazardous air emissions
• Leading to lake acidification
• Acid rain and soil nutrient leaching
• Water and land pollution (waste disposal)

37
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc Petroleum Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Coal Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Shale Oil Processing
yields petroleum Tar Sands Processing yields
petroleum Nuclear Fission Uranium PWR
creates steam / electricity BWR creates
steam / electricity Plutonium Breeder
technology - LMFBR   Nuclear Fusion Hydrogen
No Technology Exists as of Yet  
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Nuclear

• What is neutron induced fission?

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Energy-Release Processes for Nuclear Fuels

• Nuclear Process Nuclear Chain Reaction(s)
  Energy Release
•  
• Fission n 235U143 --gt 236U144 --gt 144Ba88
  89Kr53 3n 177 MeV
•  
• Breeder n 238U --gt 239U --gt 239Np --gt
  239Pu gt1n 177 MeV
•  
• Fusion 1H0 1H0 --gt 2H1 ? ? energy
  (1)
• 1H0 2H1 --gt 3He1 energy (2)
• 3He1 3He1 --gt 4He2 21H0 energy (3)
• 4 1H0 --gt 4He2 2? 2? energy (4)
•  
• SOURCE Kraushaar and Ristinen 1994

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Costs / Benefits - Advantages

• Well-understood technology (fission)
• Poor economics compared
• with Coal, Oil, Gas
• Adequate fuel supply

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Significant Environmental Effects

• Nuclear proliferation
• Nuclear safety and terrorism
• Nuclear Waste longevity
• What is a Half-life?

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Nuclear Radioactive Half-lives

• Radionuclide T1/2 (Half-Life) Decay
  Particle
•  
• 233U (uranium-232) 1.59 x 109 years ?
• 239Pu (plutonium-239) 2.41 x 104 years ?
• 3H2 (hydrogen-3, tritium) 12.35 years ?-
• 90Sr (strontium-90) 29 years ?-
• 131I (iodine-131) 8.04 days ?-
• 137Cs (cesium-137) 30.17 years ?-
• 85Kr (krypton-85) 10.72 years ?-
•  
• SOURCE Kraushaar and Ristinen 1994

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Reasons for limited investment

• No new plants for over 15 years
• Expensive to build (many abandoned)
• NRC regulations are severely restrictive
• Opposition to waste storage sites (NIMBY)
• Public opposition
• Key nuclear accidents (financial
  risks/liabilities)

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Recent Developments in Nuclear

• President Bush approved first nuclear waste
  depository in Nevada desert (July 2002) still
  not ready for waste
• New technologies (modular, safer)
• Pebble-bed modular reactor PBMR (South Africa)
• Fusion still many years (decades) from a viable
  demonstration or prototype system

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What is a PBMR?

• The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) is a small,
  safe, clean, cost-efficient, inexpensive and
  adaptable nuclear power plant.
• The PBMR is a nuclear power plant that uses
  coated uranium particles encased in graphite to
  form a fuel sphere (60 mm in diameter). In
  addition, the PBMR design makes use of helium as
  the coolant and energy transfer medium to a
  closed cycle gas turbine and generator.
• This design differs in a number of ways from
  Pressurized Water Reactors. These design
  differences result in the PBMR being an
  inherently safe and economical power plant.

46
EDECA

• Electric Discount and Energy Competition Act of
  1999 (EDECA)
• The Act established requirements to advance
  energy efficiency and renewable energy in New
  Jersey funded through the societal benefits
  charge (SBC).

47
Solar Energy

• Solar represents less than 8 of the worlds
  total traded energy
• 92 of that is hydropower
• The remaining 8 is biomass, wind, photovoltaics,
  solar thermal, waves, ocean thermal

48
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Solar Solar Thermal Passive Active
Water Htg. Systems Passive Active Space
Htg. Systems Power Tower/Parabolic Dishes /
Troughs Photovoltaic Amorphous
Cells Crystalline Cells single, multi,
etc. Biomass Wood, Seaweed, algae,
etc. Agricultural Crops alcohol, waste,
etc. Municipal Solid Waste paper
primarily Hydroelectric Reservoirs, dams,
water wheels, generators, pumped
storage Wind Power Wind Mills, Sailing,
Turbines VA/HA Ocean Waves Pilot Systems -
Compressor/Generator Ocean Thermal OTEC
Design 1930, 1975  
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Investments in Renewables

• Depend upon high energy prices largest
  government investment in the late 1970s

50
Hydropower

• Converting the potential energy in falling water
  represents the largest renewable energy
  technology developed to date by engineers.
• Hydropower accounts for
• 7 of the worlds energy ( 3.1 US )
• 19 of the worlds electricity ( 8.8 US )

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How does hydroelectric work?

• Any questions?

52
Green Power

• Typically considered the renewables
• Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, etc.
• Recently fuel cells and some other biogas fueled
  microturbine technologies have received this
  designation
• Consumption of green power has increased 61 in
  last decade (1992-2001) to 251 billion kWh
• Continued growth last 5 years

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Growing Green last 10 years

• US 0.9 annual growth (8.4x1010kwh)
• Germany 30 annual growth (2.3x1010kwh)
• EC 19.2 annual growth (8.2x1010kwh)
• South America 10 annual growth (2x1010kwh)
• Asia 6 annual growth (4.5x1010kwh)

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US Green Power Generation

• TOTAL 84,800,000,000 kwh
• BIOMASS 7.24 x 1010 kwh
• GEOTHERMAL 1.34 x 1010 kwh
• WIND 81 x 1010 kwh

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Biomass

• US Biomass generation increased from 6.98 x 1010
  kwh to 7.24 x 1010 kwh from 2001 to 2002
• Waste generation decreased from 3.26 x 1010 kwh
  to 3.19 x 1010 kwh from 2001 to 2002
• Wood generation rose from 3.7 x 1010 kwh to 4.05
  x 1010 kwh from 2001 to 2002

56
Wind

• World wind-electric capacity is 30,379 MW
• vs. electric capacity 3,180,000 MW (1)
• US increased from 2.9 to 8.1 x 109kwh (92-02)
• Europe accounts for 74 of the wind power
  generated in the world, and installed 86 of last
  years wind capacity (vs. 8 for the US)

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Wind Grows Another 20 in 04
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Wind PV Production (96-03)
Wind production PV production
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PV

• Otherwise known as photovoltaics

60
Historic Usage of PV

• Year Market Size Module Price
• 1958 first Application 1,000 / watt
• 1970 Satellite Applications 100 / watt
• 1975 lt1 MW per Year 30 / watt
• 1981 lt2 MW per Year 10 / watt
• 1990 lt15 MW per Year lt5 / watt
• 1994 69 MW per Year lt5 / watt
• 2001 320 MW per Year lt4 / watt

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PV Market Keeps Growing in 04
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History of Photovoltaics

• 1839 Edmund Becquerel Electrolytic cell
• 1873 Willoughby Smith Selenium
• 1883 Charles Fritts Invents first cell
• 1904 Einsteins paper on Photoelectric Eff.
• 1918 Czochralski develops single crystal
• 1954 Bell Labs, NJ develop 4.5 eff. Cell
• 1957 Sputnik, 1958 Vanguard w/ PV

63
PV Market

• 1.1 Billion market
• Growth rate 36 per year (2000-2001)
• NJ Clean Energy incentives of 5.1 per watt (up
  to 70 of costs) for PV systems under 10kW
• Still not in mass production
• Numerous competitors
• Significant variation in applications

64
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Geothermal Geopressured Heaters,
Turbine/generators Hot Dry Rock
formations Heaters, Turbine/generators Hot
Water Res. Water and Space Htg.
Systems Normal Grad. Res. Heaters,
Turbine/generators Natural Steam Heaters,
Turbine/generators Molten Magma No Technology
Exists as of Yet Normal Ground Gradient GS/GC
Heat Pump Systems   Tidal Potential Energy of
Reservoirs, dams, generators Earth-Moon-Sun
gravity  
SOURCE Jansson 1997
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Progress

• US Geothermal generation decreased from 1.38 x
  1010 kwh to 1.34 x 1010 kwh from 2001 to 2002

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Electric Generation Technology

• Faraday Generators (gt1.2 Trillion)
• Photovoltaics (1.1 Billion)
• Thermoelectrics ( 500 Million)
• Fuel Cells ( 200 Million)
• Piezoelectrics (lt 20 Million)
• Magnetohydrodynamics

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The discovered technologies..
68
DEVICES
ENERGY SOURCE
User
Mechanical power in environment
Turbine Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Piezo- Electric
Solar Power
Ions
Fossil and Biomass Fuel
Electrical power
Electro chemical cells
Ions
Chemical Energy
Heat engine
Electromagnetic Induction
Gas kinetic energy
MHD
HEAT
Ion kinetic energy
EHD
Thermoionic converter
Free electrons
Thermo electric generator
Semiconductor electrons / holes
Infrared photovoltaics
Nuclear, Hydrogen, other thermal
Radiation
Visible photo voltaics
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The challenge for the next generation of
electrical engineers.

• Environmentally sound generation technologies
• Economic new power sources
• Radically new means to coerce nature to produce a
  flux of electrons and emf propagation with
  minimal impacts on the biosphere