Leadership Theories

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Leadership Theories

• Andrea Reger

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Theories

• Trait Approach
• Skills Approach
• Style Approach
• Situational Approach
• Contingency Theory
• Path-Goal Theory

• Leader Member Exchange
• Transformational
• Transactional
• Team Leadership

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• Transaction Leadership

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Transactional Leadership

• Differs from transformational because it does not
  individualize followers needs or focus on their
  personal development
• Transactional leadership is an exchange you
  scratch my back Ill scratch yours. The idea is
  to advance both parties agendas by helping each
  other.
• This can be influential because in order for the
  followers to succeed the leader must be
  successful as well.

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Transformational Leadership

• 2 factors
• Contingent Reward an exchange process between
  leaders and followers in which effort by
  followers is exchanged for specific rewards.
  The leader tries to obtain agreements from
  followers on what must be done and what the
  payoffs will be for the people doing it.
• Management by Exception involves corrective
  criticism negative feedback and negative
  enforcement.
• 2 forms active and passive
• Active watches followers closely for mistakes
  or rule violations and then takes corrective
  action.
• Passive the leader intervenes only after
  standards have not been met or problems have
  arisen.

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Transactional Leadership
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Comparisons
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Transactional

• Pros
• Sets clear goals with rewards for making them
  (however problems if they are not met)

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Transactional

• Cons
• Can be seen as a reward/punishment system
• Leader is concerned with their own status quo and
  will put themselves before the followers
• Management for exception is a poor example of a
  supervisor
• Offers few advantages to followers and can be
  very unhappy work environment

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• Team Leadership

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Team Leadership

• Team leadership is the most rapidly growing area
  of current research
• Team organizational groups composed of members
  who are interdependent who share common goals
  and who must coordinate the actives to accomplish
  these goals.
• Team work is characteristic of the Millennial
  generation (thats you!)

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Team Leadership

• Effective team performance begins with the
  leaders mental model of the situation. This
  model consists of both the problem confronting
  the team and the environment.
• A good team leader is flexible and has a wide
  repertoire of actions or skills to meet the
  teams diverse needs.
• The leader has special responsibility for
  functioning in a manner that will help the group
  achieve effectiveness. Leadership behavior is
  seen as team based problem solving by analyzing
  the internal and external situation and then
  selecting the appropriate behaviors to ensure
  team effectiveness.

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Team Leadership

• 1st decision take action or observe
• 2nd decision determine the general task or
  relational function of the intervention that is
  needed.
• Final decision intervene at the internal level
  (with the team itself) or external level (the
  teams environment)

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Team Leadership
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Team Leadership

• Internal Task Leadership Actions
• Goal focusing
• Structuring for results (planning visioning
  organizing clarifying roles delegating)
• Facilitating decision making
• Training team members in task completion
• Maintaining standards of excellence (assessing
  team and individual performance confronting
  inadequate performance)

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Team Leadership

• External Environment Leadership Actions
• Networking and forming alliances in environment
• Advocating and representing team to environment
• Negotiation upward to secure necessary resources
  support and recognition for team
• Buffering team members from environmental
  distractions
• Assessing environmental indicators of teams
  effectiveness
• Sharing relevant environmental information with
  the team

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Team Leadership
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Team Leadership

• Pros
• Research was focused on real-life organizational
  work groups and the leadership needed therein
• Helps leaders design and maintain effective
  teams especially when performance is below
  standards
• Takes into account the changing role of leaders
  and followers in organizations
• Theory can help in the selection of team leaders

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Team Leadership

• Cons
• Model has not been completed supported or tested
• Teams are very complex and therefore hard to work
  with in (or explain)
• Does not offer on the spot answers to specific
  situation for the team leader

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References

• Northouse P.G. (2007) Leadership Theory and
  Practice. Sage Publications Inc. Thousand
  Oaks CA.