Rumba as International Popular Music

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Rumba as International Popular Music

• According to the article, what are the
  contributing factors to the development of
  Afrocuban Arts as International Popular
  Culture? in the 1920s and 30s?
• What about Rumba appeals to white-middle-class
  Americans and Cubans?
• What does it mean to whiten music? Is this
  good, bad, indifferent? What are the
  consequences?
• What serious contradictions are at work making
  this Afro-Cuban Genre of Rumba a world wide
  phenomenon/craze?

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Vietnamese Rumba (1) (2)
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Santeria
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European Colonies ca. 1800
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Close Look as to the source of slaves in Cuba,
Haiti, and the US.
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Cabildos

• The Spanish colonial powers allowed and
  encouraged African slaves and free people of
  color to gather and celebrate according to their
  ethnic customs. These fraternities, known as
  cabildos (sp. chapters) were intrinsic to the
  survival of African culture in Cuba.

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Cuban Cabildos

• Mandinka
• Mina
• Arara
• Lukumi
• Carabali
• Kongo

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• Recall The Europeans have NO colonies of the
  Gold Coast (i.e. Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria)
• Therefore Europeans trade with whomever are the
  dominant African nations of the region.
• 1790-1820 marks
• The fall of the great Oyo Empire! (an empire
  centered around the Yoruba City of Old Oyo)
• Rise of Dahomey Empire
• (Ewe-Fon / Arara)

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The rise of Cuba the decline of Haiti

• Pre 1800 CUBA
• Cuba is a way station for Spanish traders in
  route to Central America.
• Relatively small population (both Europeans and
  slaves)
• Majority of slaves are Arara Kongolese
• Pre 1800 HAITI
• Haiti is the jewel of French Holdings in the
  New World.
• Sugar Supplier for the World!
• Majority of slaves are Arara

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The rise of Cuba the decline of Haiti

• 1776, 1789 US French Revolutions
• 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution
• 1803 Louisiana Purchase
• 1807 Britain suspended its slave
  trad3
• 1817-1827 37.9 Growth in Slaves on Cuba
• 1865 US ended slavery practices
• 1825-1875 Arrival of Lukumi Slaves (1 mil)
• 1886 Complete Abolition of Slavery
• 1898 Cuban Independence
• 1899-1902 American Occupation

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The rise of Cuba the decline of Haiti

• Post 1800 CUBA
• Cuba is the jewel of Spanish crown
• Major Supplier of World Sugar
• Large Population
• Majority of slaves are now Lucumi
• Pre 1800 HAITI
• Haiti is the first independent black nation in
  the New World
• Cane Fields burnt, very poor economy
• Majority of slaves remain Arara, very few Lucumi

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What is Santeria?

• What is its relationship to Orisha Worship?
• What is the root of the term?

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Listening to the Orishas

• Eleguá is the one who opens and shuts all doors
  and designates the crossroad. He is always
  praised first and fed first. And without his
  approval, nothing is accomplished either on earth
  or among the orisha. If insulted or ignored he
  will use trickery to halt your progress.
• Ogún
• Ochosi
• Yemaya

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Elegua (video)
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Listening to the Orishas

• Eleguá
• Ogún is the god of iron and war. Because of the
  facility with which he manages the machete, Ogún
  is able to cut through the densest of forests,
  thereby considered a path maker or opener.
• Ochosi
• Yemaya

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Ogun

• VIDEO
• AUDIO

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Listening to the Orishas

• Eleguá
• Ogún
• Ochosi is the god of the hunt. He is endowed with
  the ability to hunt any animal (or foe),
  regardless of distance. Yet he depends upon his
  brother Ogún to clear the path through the bushes
  in order to reach his prey.
• Yemaya

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Ochosi
Audio
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Listening to the Orishas

• Eleguá
• Ogún
• Ochosi
• Yemaya is the goddess of the Ocean. She
  represents motherhood.

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Yemaya
Audio
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Babluaye (San Lazaro)

• Leprosy Disease
• Dance is Crippled then strong
• Is an Arara orisha. In African Babaluaya
  originally comes from Arara territory and
  Migrated to Yoruba territory

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IYÁ (MOTHER) Initiates all calls,
conversations, changes.ITÓTELE Responds to
the calls, conversations and changes.OKÓNKOLO
(CHILD) Generally has an ostinato pattern.
Functions as a time-keeper.
IYÁ

ITÓTELE
OKÓNKOLO

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Defining Politics

• The methods or tactics involved in managing a
  state or government
• Social relations involving authority and power
• Relationships as mediated by power and influence
  between individuals or states

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Music and Politics

• Politics of Performance
• Hegemony
• Music that supports an established power
• Counter-hegemony
• Music that rejects an established power
• Propaganda
• Music supporting a political position
• Censorship
• Limitation of expression

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Reflexivity in Scholarship

• Awareness of
• Own assumptions and prejudices
• Cultural interference
• Impact of self and scholarship on culture
• Political standing and ideals

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Cuba as Colony

• Spanish colonialism 1492-1898
• American involvement since 1808

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1959 Communist Revolution

• Homegrown independence movement
• Instigated by the lower classes
• Revolution important cultural symbol

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Successes of the Revolution

• Gender and racial equality
• Universal health care
• Security
• Education constitutional right

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The Cult of Fidel Castro
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Quinteto Rebelde

• Founded by Fidel Castro in 1958
• Fought in battles against Batista tyranny
• Plays traditional music of Eastern Cuba
• Guaracha

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Hay Que Cuidar A Fidel(One Must Listen to
Fidel)

• Cuban you must stay alert
• You must pay attention
• You must listen to Fidel
• You must listen to him because he is our
  salvation
• Fidel Castro is for Cuba
• For progress and just law
• Long live the revolution and
• Long live the 26th
• Fidel gives us work
• For progress and just law
• Long live the revolution and
• Long live the 26th

You must listen to Fidel You must listen to
him You must listen to him sir Because this is
revolution Poor little one who tries us Because
this a bad mistake For the people are ready To
repel aggression You must listen to Fidel You
must listen to him You must listen to him
sir Because this is revolution
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Failures of the Revolution

• Poor economic management
• Poverty
• Totalitarianism
• Limitation of social and personal freedoms

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Cuba Today

• Special Period
• Most want change in leadership
• Castro in power for 45 years
• Though there is pride in this
• Do not want change away from socialism

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• Tourism important for Economy
• Political Tourism
• Musical Tourism
• Son
• Canción-Son

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Qué Linda es Cuba! (How Lovely is Cuba)
Look, you who says that my native land is not so
lovely Look, you who says that which is ours is
not so beautiful I invite he who searches
throughout the world To find a sky as blue as
mine. A moon that shines as brightly as
that Which gets lost in the sweetness of the
sugar cane One who is as loyal (Fidel) as the
one who shines in the mountains A ruby, five
stripes, and a star. Cuba, How lovely is
Cuba! He who defends her wants her more. Cuba,
How lovely is Cuba! Now that she is free, I want
her more. Cuba, How lovely is Cuba! Now without
the Yankees, I want her more!
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Polo Montañez
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Guajiro Natural(Natural Countryman)

• Although I am am a natural countryman
• I am a normal countryman who comes from Cimarrón
  mountain
• I know which is my position and which is my place
• Although I am am a natural countryman, dont be
  mistaken
• I come from the ox team that comes from Cimarrón
• I bear the smell of copper and the aroma of work
• .
• A natural countryman, natural and special from
  the top of the mountain
• It is because you dont recognize me
• That I could complicate things for you, I could
  entangle you in the night
• I could tie you up with vines from the mountain
• I like doing this like the dove and the mocking
  bird like to sing
• I know the history of coffee better than you
• And I could go by horse to where the lived
• And if there is no horse, then Ill run and go on
  foot
• Ill put you dancing like a penguins
• With the little song of the countryman

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Cuban Policies

• 1959, Cuban ban/censorship of American Rock after
  the revolution
• Cuban Public Policy that calls for heavy state
  investment in household TVs Radios.
• 1971 Lifted the ban on American RR.
• 1971 Congress on Education and Culture
• Term to know Resignification
• 1980 Mariel Boat Lift

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US Policies

• International Broadcasting Bureau
• Worldnet Television Film Service
• 1942 Voice of America
• 1983 Broadcasting to Cuba Act Reagan
• May 20, 1985 Radio Marti
• March 27, 1990 TV Marti