Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for Transport in Europe

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Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for
Transport in Europe

• G. Jungmeier
• JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Austria
• Biomass Bioenergy Confenrece 2008
• 27th 29th February,
• Estonia Fair Center, Tallinn, Estonia

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Greenhouse Gas Concentration in Atmosphere
Source IPCC 2007
3
ObservedChanges
Source IPCC 2007
4
Outline
Outlook
Examples FT-Diesel
Assessment of Biofuels
Overview Biofuels
Introduction
5
Global AnthropogenicGreenhouse Gas Emissions 2004
Source www.ipcc.ch
6
Greenhouse GasEmissions per Sector 2004
Source www.ipcc.ch
7
Development GreenhouseGas Emissions per Sector
2004
Source www.ipcc.ch
8
Vehicle Ownership 1900 - 2003
Source www.ipcc.ch
9
Global Energy Flow 2005
Source www.ipcc.ch
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Global Energy Flow Outlook 2030
Source www.ipcc.ch
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Overview of the Global Potential of Biomass for
Energy
World Primary Energy consumption (2006) 400 EJ/a
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Role of Biofuels in the Energy Economy System
Increasing of Energy Security e.g. domestic
renewable energy
Reduction of local pollutants e.g. PM10, NOx
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, e.g.
Kyoto-Target minus 13 (2008-2012 ref. 1990)
(further) Increase of using Renewable Energy e.g.
biofuels, solar energy
Increasing of Energy Efficiency in energy
conversion, e.g. hybrid vehicles
Energy Saving Reduction of useful energy
consumption with same energy service, e.g.
insulation of buildings
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Outline
Outlook
Examples FT-Diesel
Assessment of Biofuels
Overview Biofuels
Introduction
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Overview Transportation Biofuels1st and 2nd
Generation

• (pure) Vegetable oil
• Biodiesel
• conventional biodiesel via esterification
• hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration
• Bioethanol
• conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch
• lignocellulosic bioethanol
• Biobutanol
• Biogas
• Synthetic biofuels
• Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel)
• Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
• Dimethylester (DME)
• Methanol
• Synthetic hydrogen
• Biological hydrogen
• (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
• Biofuels from direct liquifaction
• HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading

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Overview Transportation Biofuels1st Generation

• (pure) Vegetable oil
• Biodiesel
• conventional biodiesel via esterification
• hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration
• Bioethanol
• conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch
• lignocellulosic bioethanol
• Biobutanol
• Biogas
• Synthetische Biotreibstoffe
• Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel)
• Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
• Dimethylester (DME)
• Methanol
• Synthetic hydrogen
• Biological hydrogen
• (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
• Biofuels from direct liquifaction
• HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading

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Overview Transportation Biofuels2nd Generation

• (pure) vegetable oil
• Biodiesel
• conventional biodiesel via esterification
• hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration
• Bioethanol
• conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch
• lignocellulosic bioethanol
• Biobutanol
• Biogas
• Synthetic biofuels
• Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel)
• Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
• Dimethylester (DME)
• Methanol
• Synthetic hydrogen
• Biological hydrogen
• (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
• Biofuels from direct liquifaction
• HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading

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OverviewBiomass Raw Materials

• oil crops e.g. rape, sunflower
• sugar crops e.g. sugar beet, sugar cane
• starch crops e.g. wheat, maize
• - lignocellulosic-crops e.g. short rotation
  forestry, miscanthus
• residues e.g. straw, manure, grass

Agriculture
Biomass resources
Forestry
Trade Industry

• Residues from thinning
• Residues from harvesting

• sawn industry residues e.g. bark
• wood industry wastes e.g. shavings
• food and feed industry residues
• bark
• black liquour
• organic fraction of MSW
• sewage sludge

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From Raw Material to Transportation Biofuels

• Transportation
• Biofuels
• (pure) Vegetable oil
• Biodiesel
• Bioethanol
• Biobutanol
• Biogas
• Synthetic biofuels
• Biological hydrogen
• (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
• Biofuels from direct
• liquifaction

• Conversion
• processes
• Bio-chemical
• Thermo-chemical
• Physical-chemical
• others e.g. hydration

• Raw materials
• Oil crops
• Sugar crops
• Starch crops
• Lignocellulosic crops
• Residues
• others

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State of Technology
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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State of Technology
Vegetable oil
Conventional biodiesel
Conventional bioethanol
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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State of Technology
Vegetable oil
Biolog. hydrogen
Biomethanol
Conventional biodiesel
Conventional bioethanol
Pyrolyses oil
CLC-biofuel
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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State of Technology
Vegetable oil
Biolog. hydrogen
Biomethanol
Hydrotreated biodiesel
Conventional biodiesel
Conventional bioethanol
Pyrolyses oil
Biogas
CLC-biofuel
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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State of Technology
Vegetable oil
Fischer-Tropsch (FT)-Biofuel
Biolog. hydrogen
Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Biomethanol
Bio-DME
Hydrotreated biodiesel
Conventional biodiesel
Biobutanol
Conventional bioethanol
(ligno)cellulosic bioethanol
Pyrolyses oil
Biogas
HTU-biofuel
CLC-biofuel
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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State of Technology
Fischer-Tropsch (FT)-Biofuel
Vegetable oil
Biolog. hydrogen
Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Biomethanol
Bio-DME
Hydrotreated biodiesel
Conventional biodiesel
Biobutanol
Conventional bioethanol
(ligno)cellulosic bioethanol
Pyrolyses oil
Biogas
HTU-biofuel
CLC-biofuel
Process developing unit PDU
Commercial plant
Pilotplant
Lab-scale
Demoplant
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Outline
Outlook
Examples FT-Diesel
Assessment of Biofuels
Overview Biofuels
Introduction
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LCA Methodology

• According to
• ISO 14 040
• Life Cycle assessment
• Standard Methodology of
• IEA Bioenergy Task 38
• Greenhouse Gas
• Balances of Bioenergy systems
• Recommendations of COST
• Action E9 Life Cycle Assess-
• ment of Forestry and Forest
• Products
• JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR
• Well-to-Wheels analysis of future
• automotive fuels and powertrains
• in the European context

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Processes of LCA for Biofuels
Biofuels
Reference System
Transportation Service
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Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
fossil fuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
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Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
fossil fuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
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Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
fossil fuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
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Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
fossil fuels
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Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
fossil fuels
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Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020
2nd generation biofuels
1st generation biofuels
Source JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007
fossil fuels
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Outline
Outlook
Examples FT-Diesel
Assessment of Biofuels
Overview Biofuels
Introduction
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Polygeneration of WoodFT-Diesel
Demonstration-Plant
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Scheme Polygeneration of FT-BiofuelElectricityHe
at
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Outline
Outlook
Examples FT-Diesel
Assessment of Biofuels
Overview Biofuels
Introduction
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Major Influenceson Environmental Aspects
Environmental performance
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Indicators for Sustainable Biomass

• Environment
• Greenhouse gas balance (gt 35)
• Land use change
• Change of carbon storage pools
• Loss of biodiversity
• Competition
• agriculture for food and feed
• forestry construction materials, wooden
  products, local energy use
• Others soil erosion, water resource, plant
  protection agents, GMOs...
• Economic prosperity e.g. labour creation, land
  owner ship
• Social welfare e.g. working conditions,
  healthiness

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Types of results mix development
3. Full-chain biofuels cost analysis
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Types of results resource mix
3. Full-chain biofuels cost analysis
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Outlook
Source 4th Assessment Report, www.ipcc.ch