Unit IX Postwar America

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Exploring American History

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• Unit IX- Postwar America

Chapter 28 Section 2 Kennedy, Johnson and Civil
Rights
2
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Advocate of Tolerance
and Nonviolence (0246)
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Non-Violent Protests during the Civil Rights
Movement

• Civil rights workers used several direct,
  nonviolent methods to confront discrimination and
  racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
• Boycotts
• Sit-ins
• Freedom Rides
• Many of these non-violent tactics were based on
  those of Mohandas Gandhia leader in Indias
  struggle for independence from Great Britain.
• American civil rights leaders such as James
  Farmer of CORE, Martin Luther King Jr. of SCLC,
  and others shared Gandhis views.
• James Lawson, an African American minister,
  conducted workshops on nonviolent methods in
  Nashville and on college campuses.

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Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights

• The Big Idea
• The civil rights movement made major advances
  during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and
  Lyndon B. Johnson.
• Main Ideas
• John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960.
• Civil rights leaders continued to fight for
  equality.
• Lyndon B. Johnson became president when Kennedy
  was assassinated.
• Changes occurred in the civil rights movement in
  the late 1960s.

5
Main Idea 1John F. Kennedy was elected
president in 1960.
President Kennedy

• Won the election of 1960
• Became youngest person ever elected president
• First Roman Catholic to become president

New Frontier

• Kennedy pursued set of proposals he called the
  New Frontier.
• Higher minimum wage and tax cuts to stimulate
  growth
• New spending on military and the space program
• Programs to help poor and unemployed
• Financial help for public schools
• Kennedy also supported the goals of civil rights
  movement.

6
Kennedy Elected

• Explain What were two things that were unique
  about John F. Kennedy as president?
• Summarize What was the New Frontier program?
• Evaluate Was it a good plan for President
  Kennedy to go slow on civil rights in order to
  push other items in his domestic agenda?

7
Right to Vote, The (0123)
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(No Transcript)
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Main Idea 2 Civil rights leaders continued to
fight for equality.

• In 1960 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation
  of bus stations was illegal.
• May 1961 Congress for Racial Equality organized
  Freedom Rides.
• Protests in which black and white bus riders
  traveled to segregated bus stations in South
• Hoped to put pressure on President Kennedy to
  enforce ruling
• Violence against riders forced end of protest
• SNCC decided to continue the Freedom Rides.
• Attacked by furious mob
• Many were jailed
• Kennedy then ordered the Interstate Commerce
  Commission to enforce strict bans on segregation
  in interstate bus terminals.

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1961 Whites Join in with Freedom Riders Medgar
Evers is Assassinated (0053)
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(No Transcript)
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Fight for Rights

• Birmingham, Alabama
• In 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. organized marches
  in Birmingham.
• King was jailed for marching without a permit.
• Released and led new marches
• May 1963 2,500 demonstrators marched.
• Police chief ordered attack dogs and blasted
  marchers with high-pressure water hoses.
• Televised images shocked nation.

• March on Washington
• June 1963 Kennedy announced support for a civil
  rights bill.
• African American leaders held the March on
  Washington to show support for the bill.
• August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. gave his
  powerful I Have a Dream speech before 200,000
  people.

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Freedom Comes to Birmingham (0422)
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(No Transcript)
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August, 1963 March on Washington MLK's (0112)
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I Have a Dream (0348)
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The Fight for Rights Continues

• Recall What was the primary goal of CORE?
• Analyze Was COREs protest strategy effective?

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The Fight for Rights Continues

• Explain Why did CORE stop its Freedom Rides?
• Analyze How did Eugene Bull Connors actions
  help the civil rights movement?
• Develop Do you think it take a major event like
  the attack on the marchers in Birmingham to
  effect social change?

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Main Idea 3Lyndon B. Johnson became president
when Kennedy was assassinated.

• On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in
  Dallas, Texas.
• Shocked the nation
• Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was quickly
  sworn in as president.
• Vowed to continue Kennedys work
• Urged Congress to pass a civil rights bill

20
Kennedys Assassination
On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was
assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Vice President
Johnson was sworn in within hours.
Kennedys death shocked the nation and the world.
Within hours, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald.
While being transferred to the county jail,
Oswald was shot to death by Jack Ruby.
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November 22, 1963 (0320)
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Assassination of a President

• Dallas, Texas - Nov. 22, 1963
• Dealey Plaza
• Lee Harvey Oswald
• Jack Ruby
• Warren Commission
• Conspiracy Theories
• Appraisal of the Kennedy years.

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Zapruder Film
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Mystery of JFKs Assassination
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The Warren Commission

• The strange circumstances surrounding President
  Kennedys death caused people to wonder whether
  Oswald had acted alone in killing the president.
• President Johnson appointed the Warren Commission
  to investigate the assassination.
• They determined that there was no conspiracy and
  that Oswald and Ruby had each acted alone.
• Additional government investigations and many
  private ones have never found credible evidence
  of a conspiracy.

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The Warren Commission
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The Kennedy Legacy

• Some felt the drama of the Kennedy presidency was
  more evident than its achievements.
• However, in foreign affairs, relations with the
  Soviet Union had improved.
• The Peace Corp produced goodwill toward the
  United States.

Foreign Relations

• Kennedy did not have much success with domestic
  issues.
• He acknowledged that the nations social,
  economic, and environmental problems would take
  many years to solve.

Domestic Achievements
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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• The events in Alabama convinced President Kennedy
  to act on civil rights issues.
• Kennedy announced that he would ask for
  legislation to finally end segregation in public
  accommodations.

President Kennedy

• Medgar Evers, the head of the NAACP in
  Mississippi, was shot dead in his front yard.
• Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith was
  tried for the crime but all-white juries failed
  to convict.

Medgar Evers

• On August 28, 1963, the largest civil rights
  demonstration ever held in the United States took
  place in Washington.
• More than 200,000 people marched and listened to
  Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech.

March on Washington
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Civil Rights Legislation

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Signed into law on July 2, 1964
• Banned segregation in public places
• Outlawed discrimination in the workplace on the
  basis of color, gender, religion, or national
  origin

• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Signed into law in August 1965
• Gave federal government new powers to protect
  African Americans voting rights
• Within three years, more than half of all
  qualified African Americans in the South
  registered to vote.

30
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Outlawed discrimination based on race, color,
  religion, sex, or national origin in voting,
  employment, and public services, such as
  transportation.
• To enforce the constitutional right to vote.
• To establish a Commission on Equal Employment
  Opportunity.

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The Great Society

• President Johnson won 1964 elections by a huge
  margin.
• Planned program of reforms that he called the
  Great Society
• Included Medicare and Medicaid to help senior
  citizens and low-income citizens afford health
  care
• Gave local schools more than 1 billion to help
  students with special needs
• Created the Department of Housing and Urban
  Development to help low-income families get
  better housing
• Congress quickly passed most of Johnsons
  legislation.

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(No Transcript)
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Johnson Becomes President

• Describe How did Lyndon Johnson become
  president?
• Summarize What were the main provisions of the
  Civil Rights Act of 1964?
• Rank Which do you think was more important in
  promoting civil rights in the United States, the
  1964 Civil Rights Act or the 1965 Voting Rights
  Act?

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Johnson Becomes President

• Recall What was the Great Society?
• Analyze Why do you think it was significant
  that Robert Weaver, an African American, was
  appointed to serve as secretary of the Department
  of Housing and Urban Development?

36
Main Idea 4Changes occurred in the civil rights
movement in the late 1960s.
Stokely Carmichael

• African American activist
• Founder of the Black Power movement
• Called for African American independence
• Believed blacks should reject integration,
  focusing instead on controlling their own
  communities

Malcolm X

• Leader of the Nation of Islam
• Combined ideas about African American
  independence with teachings of Islam
• Helped inspire Black Power movement
• Believed African Americans had right to defend
  themselves, using violence if necessary

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Fractures in the Movement

• Black Power
• Stokely Carmichael became the head of SNCC.
• SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.
• Black Power became the new rallying cry.
• Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves
  to solve problems.

• Black Panthers
• The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland,
  California, in 1966.
• Called for violent revolution as a means of
  African American liberation.
• Members carried guns and monitored African
  American neighborhoods to guard against police
  brutality.

• Black Muslims
• Nation of Islam was a large and influential group
  who believed in Black Power.
• Message of black nationalism, self-discipline,
  and self-reliance.
• Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and
  black pride.

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Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism (0417)
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The Assassination and Legacy of Malcolm X (0227)
40
The Promised Land (0233)
41
The Death of Martin Luther King Jr.
King became aware that economic issues must be
part of the civil rights movement.
King went to Memphis, Tennessee to help striking
sanitation workers. He led a march to city
hall. James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he
stood on the balcony of his motel.
Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120
cities. Within three weeks, 46 people were dead,
some 2,600 were injured, and more than 21,000
were arrested.
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April 4, 1968 MLK is Assassinated by James Earl
Ray (0241)
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A Dream Deferred (0305)
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Changes in the Civil Rights Movement

• Describe According to Malcolm X, what goal
  should African Americans work toward?
• Elaborate Why do you think African Americans
  were drawn to Black Power and the Nation of Islam?