Abnormal Behavior: Historical Perspectives

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• Abnormal Behavior Historical Perspectives

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Abnormal Behavior

• Abnormal
• Deviating from Normal or Average
• Behavior
• Personal Conduct

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Defining Abnormal Behavior
4 Perspectives

• Norm Violation
• Statistical Rarity
• Personal Discomfort
• Maladaptive Behavior

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1. Norm Violation

• Norms Right vs. Wrong
• Deviance Associated With
• Incomprehensibility
• Rarity
• Observer Discomfort
• Violation of Social/Cultural Standards

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Andrew Martinez

• NORMAL GUY?

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The Naked Guy, Andrew Martinez

• ABNORMAL?
• UC Berkeley student who attended classes in the
  nude

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Madonna Norm Violation?

• LIKE A VIRGIN!
• Society Rewarding of Conformity

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Marilyn Manson Norm Violation?

• Male wearing heavy makeup
• Abnormal?

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2. Statistical Rarity

• Normal
• Falls within average
• Abnormal Behavior
• Deviation from the average
• Example Mental Retardation

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Homosexuality

• STATISTICAL ABNORMALITY?

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3. Personal Discomfort

• Distressing feelings, thoughts or behaviors
• Judged from the persons own perspective as
  distressing
• OCD

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4. Maladaptive Behavior

• Behavior Pattern
• Focuses on the adaptiveness of the behavior
• Functioning
• Focuses on various levels of functioning
• Disability
• Impaired ability to function

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Marijuana Abuse
No Impairment No Abnormality
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Psychopathology

• Scientific study of psychological disorders

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Culture Gender - Abnormality

• Determine the ways people express distress or
  lose touch with reality
• Relate to peoples willingness to admit to
  psychological disturbances
• Influence the types of treatment people will
  accept

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Definition of Abnormality in DSM-IV

• Behavioral, emotional, or cognitive dysfunctions
  that are unexpected in the cultural context and
  associated with personal distress or substantial
  impairment in functioning

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Supernatural Model
• Agents outside our bodies and the environment
  influence our emotions, thinking, and behaviors
• Demons, Divinities, Spirits, Magnetic Field

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• 8000 B.C. - Stone Age
• Archeological Evidence Skulls with holes
  drilled in them
• Believed that evil spirits were trapped inside
  the head
• Releasing the evil spirits would cause a return
  to normality

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• TREPHINING

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
• Humoral Theory
• Good Health Associated With 4 bodily fluids
• Black bile
• Yellow bile
• Phlegm
• Blood

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• EXORCISM
• Another method of driving away evil spirits

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Recent Exorcism?

• MILWAUKEE, Wisconsin (AP) -- A pastor said
  Saturday that church leaders were trying to heal
  an autistic 8-year-old boy when he inexplicably
  stopped breathing and died during a prayer
  service Friday night.
• CNN.com (August 24, 2003)

• Minister Barred from Exorcisms (Milwaukee Journal
  Sentinel)--A self-described minister facing a
  criminal charge in the death of an autistic child
  during a prayer session was ordered not to
  perform exorcisms as a bail condition during a
  Wednesday court appearance.
• Crimenews2000.com

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Paracelsus (1493-1541)
• Swiss Physician
• Rejected notions of possession by the devil
• Suggested that the movements of the moon stars
  had effects on psychological functioning
• Inspired the word LUNATIC derived from the
  Latin word for moon, Luna

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Bleeding or Bloodletting
• Measured amount of blood removed from the body,
  typically with leeches

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Induction of Vomiting
• Eating tobacco or half-boiled cabbage to induce
  vomiting (Burton, 1621)

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• 15th Century
• THE WITCH HUNTS
• Witches are causes of madness

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• EARLY ASYLUMS
• Middle Ages or Dark Ages
• Very Poor Conditions
• Example Bedlam (Hospital of St. Mary of
  Bethlehem in London)

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• 1st half of 18th Century
• REFORM MOVEMENT
• Jean Baptisete Pussin in Paris
• Philippe Pinel
• (1745-1826)
• William Tuke in England
• (1732-1822)
• Benjamin Rush in America
• (1745-1813)

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Tranquilizing Chair
• Purpose was to reduce stimulating blood flow to
  the brain by binding the patients head and limbs
• Benjamin Rush

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Hydrotherapy
• Surprise immersions into cold water

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• MORAL TREATMENT
• Treating patients as normally as possible in a
  setting that reinforced normal social interaction
• Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• 19th Century
• Syphilis
• A sexually transmitted disease caused by a
  bacterial microorganism entering the brain

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Insulin Shock Therapy
• Dosage of insulin used to bring about convulsions
• Dangerous Resulted in prolonged coma or death
• Polish Physician
• 1927 Manfred Sakel

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Induced brain seizures to cure schizophrenia
• Joseph von Meduna

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Emergence of Modern Perspectives
• Psychoanalysis
• Behaviorism
• Cognitive

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History of Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

• Deinstitutionalization
• 1960s
• Mentally ill integrated into communities