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Dietary Intervention and Recommendations in the Prevention of Obesity and Heart Disease

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Title: Dietary Intervention and Recommendations in the Prevention of Obesity and Heart Disease


1
Dietary Intervention and Recommendations in the
Prevention of Obesity and Heart Disease
  • Nathan D. Wong, Ph.D., F.A.C.C.
  • Professor and Director
  • Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of
    California, Irvine

2
Dietary Effects on Lipids
  • Seven Countries study showed significant
    correlation between saturated fat intake and
    blood cholesterol levels
  • Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    shows lowering saturated fat and cholesterol to
    reduce total and LDL-C 10-15
  • For every 1 increase in intake of saturated fat,
    blood cholesterol increases 2 mg/dl
  • Soluble fiber intake may provide additional LDL-C
    response over that of a low-fat diet

3
Dietary Effects on Thrombosis
  • Omega-3 fatty acids have antithrombogenic and
    antiarrhythmic effects, decreased platelet
    aggregation, and lower triglycerides
  • Eskimos cold water fish diet associated with
    prolonged bleeding times and lower rates of MI
    similar findings in Japan, Netherlands, and
    England
  • Lyon Diet-Heart Study reported increased survival
    following Mediterranean diet with fish and high
    in linolenic acid (no lipid differences seen).

4
Associations between the percent of calories
derived from specific foods and CHD mortality in
the 20 Countries Study
Food Source Correlation Coefficient
Butter 0.546 All dairy products 0.619 Eggs
0.592 Meat and poultry 0.561 Sugar and
syrup 0.676 Grains, fruits, and
starchy -0.633 and nonstarchy vegetables
1973 data, all subjects. From Stamler J
Population studies. In Levy R Nutrition,
Lipids, and CHD. New York, Raven, 1979. All
coefficients are significant at the Plt0.05 level.
5
Men participating in the Ni-Hon-San study
Residence
Japan Hawaii California
Age (years) 57 54 52 Weight
(kg) 55 63 66 Serum
cholesterol (mg/dL) 181 218 228 Dietary
fat ( of calories) 15 33
38 Dietary protein () 14 17
16 Dietary carbohydrate () 63 46
44 Alcohol () 9 4
3 5-yr CHD mortality rate 1.3 2.2
3.7 (per 1,000)
Data from Kato et al. Am J Epidemiol
197397372. CHD, coronary heart disease.
6
Epidemiologic studies
  • Populations on diets high in total fat, saturated
    fat, cholesterol, and sugar have high
    age-adjusted CHD death rates as well as more
    obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, and diabetes
  • The converse is also true
  • What is the evidence for dietary intervention
    studies?

Results from Seven Countries, 18 countries, 20
countries, 40 countries, and Ni-Hon-San Studies
7
Oslo Diet Heart Study
  • 412 men with CHD, 5 year study
  • Treatment group randomized to low saturated fat
    (8.4 of calories), low cholesterol (264 mg/day),
    high polyunsaturated fat (15.5) diet
  • Serum cholesterol reduced 14
  • 33 reduction in MI, 26 decrease in CHD
    mortality
  • Dietary counseling every 3 months

Leren et al. Acta Med. Scand 1966 4661.
8
Los Angeles VA study
  • 846 men in Veterans Home, 5-8 years
  • Groups randomized to diets in which 2/3 of fat
    given either as vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed,
    safflower, soybean) or animal fat
  • Saturated fat 11 vs. 18, polyunsaturated fat
    16 vs. 5 of calories
  • 31 decrease in CVD endpoints

Dayton et al. Circulation 1969 401.
9
Lyon Diet Heart study
  • 302 men and women with CHD
  • Treatment group randomized to low saturated fat,
    high canola oil margarine (5 alpha linolenic,
    16 linoleic, and 48 oleic acid, also 5 trans)
  • 46 month follow-up
  • 65 lower CHD death rate in treatment group (6
    vs. 19 death)

de Lorgeril et al. Circulation 1999 99779-785.
10
Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project
(SCRIP)
  • 300 men and woman with CHD, baseline and 4 year
    follow-up angiograms
  • Randomized to lt20 fat, lt6 saturated fat, lt75 mg
    cholesterol/day, and exercise (Rx group) vs usual
    care
  • LDL-C and TG decreased 22 and 20, and HDL-C
    increased 20
  • Rx group had 47 less progression than control
    group, Plt0.02

11
U.S. Diabetes Prevention Project
  • 3234 subjects with BMI gt 34 kg/m2
  • Placebo, metformin, and lifestyle modification
  • Lifestyle modification goal gt 7 weight loss with
    diet and exercise (? 150 min / week)
  • New onset diabetes 11 placebo, 7 metformin,
    4.8 lifestyle group

NEJM 2002
12
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
  • 522 overweight subjects Intervention group - met
    with dietician 4 x /yr and supervised exercise vs
    control group (pamphlet)
  • Goals 1) 5 lb wt loss 2) 15gm of fiber/1000 cal
    3) lt 30 fat 4) lt 10 saturated fat 5) 30
    minutes of exercise /day
  • Intervention group met 4/5 goals 0 new diabetes,
    vs control group met 0 goals 32 new diabetes

NEJM 2001
13
Cardiovascular Effects of Treating
Overweight/Obesity (1998 NHLBI Obesity Guidelines)
  • Lower elevated BP in overweight and obese persons
    with high blood pressure (45 trials)
  • Lower elevated total and LDL-cholesterol and
    triglycerides and increase HDL-cholesterol (22
    trials)
  • Lower elevated blood glucose levels in overweight
    and obese persons with diabetes (17 trials)

14
Summary of Dietary Trials for Weight Loss (1998
NHLBI Obesity Guidelines)
  • 48 acceptable RCTs showing an average weight loss
    of 8 of initial body weight can be obtained over
    3-12 months
  • Weight loss effects decrease in abdominal fat
    low-fat diets with targeted caloric reduction
    promote greater weight loss
  • Very low calorie diets promote greater initial
    weight loss, but similar effects after one year
  • No improvement in CVD fitness measured by V02max
    in those not incorporating physical activity with
    dietary therapy

15
Homocysteine Role in Atherogenesis
  • Linked to pathophysiology of arteriosclerosis in
    1969
  • CVD patients have elevated levels of plasma
    homocysteine
  • May cause vascular damage to intimal cells
  • Elevated levels linked to
  • genetic defects
  • exposure to toxins
  • diet
  • Increased dietary intake of folate and vitamin B6
    may reduce CVD morbidity and mortality

McCully KS. Am J Pathol. 196956111-128. McCully
KS. JAMA. 1998279392-393. Rimm EB et al. JAMA.
1998279359-364.
16
Benefits of fish oil supplementation
  • In the Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART) in 2033
    men with CHD increased intake of fish or use of 2
    fish oil caps/day reduced CHD mortality 29 over
    2 years
  • In GISSI 11324 men and woman with CHD use of 1
    gr. of n-3 PUFA decreased CVD events including
    mortality 15

17
Nuts, Soy, Phytosterols, Garlic
  • Nurses Health Study five 1oz servings of nuts
    per week associated with 40 lower risk of CHD
    events
  • Metaanalysis of 38 trials of soy protein showed
    47g intake lowered total, LDL-C, and trigs 9,
    13, and 11
  • Phytosterol-supplemented foods (e.g., stanol
    ester margarine) lowers LDL-C avg. 10
  • Meta-analysis of garlic studies showed 9 total
    cholesterol reduction (1/2-1 clove daily for 6
    months).

18
Controversy regarding efficacy of Soy Protein
19
2006 AHA Statement on Diet
20
Goals for CVD Risk Reduction
21
AHA 2006 Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations
22
Tips to Implementation of Diet and Lifestyle
Interventions
23
Food Choices and Preparation Tips
24
Examples of Dietary Patterns Consistent with AHA
Dietary Goals at 2000 Calories
25
Trans Fatty Acids
26
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes in LDL-Lowering
Therapy Major Features
  • Saturated fats lt7 of total calories
  • Dietary cholesterol lt200 mg per day
  • Plant stanols/sterols (2 g per day)
  • Viscous (soluble) fiber (1025 g per day)
  • Weight reduction
  • Increased physical activity

27
Therapeutic Lifestyle ChangesNutrient
Composition of TLC Diet
  • Nutrient Recommended Intake
  • Saturated fat Less than 7 of total calories
  • Polyunsaturated fat Up to 10 of total calories
  • Monounsaturated fat Up to 20 of total calories
  • Total fat 2535 of total calories
  • Carbohydrate 5060 of total calories
  • Fiber 2030 grams per day
  • Protein Approximately 15 of total calories
  • Cholesterol Less than 200 mg/day
  • Total calories (energy) Balance energy intake and
    expenditure to maintain desirable body
    weight/ prevent weight gain

28
A Model of Steps in Therapeutic Lifestyle
Changes (TLC)
Visit N
6 wks
6 wks
Q 4-6 mo
MonitorAdherenceto TLC
  • Emphasizereduction insaturated fat
    cholesterol
  • Encouragemoderate physicalactivity
  • Consider referral toa dietitian
  • Reinforce reductionin saturated fat
    andcholesterol
  • Consider addingplant stanols/sterols
  • Increase fiber intake
  • Consider referral toa dietitian
  • Initiate Tx forMetabolicSyndrome
  • Intensify weightmanagement physical activity
  • Consider referral to a dietitian

29
Steps in Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)
  • First Visit
  • Begin Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
  • Emphasize reduction in saturated fats and
    cholesterol
  • Initiate moderate physical activity
  • Consider referral to a dietitian (medical
    nutrition therapy)
  • Return visit in about 6 weeks

30
Steps in Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)
(continued)
  • Second Visit
  • Evaluate LDL response
  • Intensify LDL-lowering therapy (if goal not
    achieved)
  • Reinforce reduction in saturated fat and
    cholesterol
  • Consider plant stanols/sterols
  • Increase viscous (soluble) fiber
  • Consider referral for medical nutrition therapy
  • Return visit in about 6 weeks

31
Steps in Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)
(continued)
  • Third Visit
  • Evaluate LDL response
  • Continue lifestyle therapy (if LDL goal is
    achieved)
  • Consider LDL-lowering drug (if LDL goal not
    achieved)
  • Initiate management of metabolic syndrome (if
    necessary)
  • Intensify weight management and physical activity
  • Consider referral to a dietitian

32
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
  • Diet high in fruits and vegetables and low-fat
    dairy products lowers blood pressure (11 mmHg
    SBP/ 5 mmHg DBP lower than traditional US diet),
    including more than a sodium-restricted diet
  • Recommends 7-8 servings/day of grain/grain
    products, 4-5 vegetable, 4-5 fruit, 2-3 low- or
    non-fat dairy products, 2 or less meat, poultry,
    and fish.
  • NEJM 1997 366 1117-24.

33
Dietary fats
Fat SFA MUFA PUFA Cholesterol
Canola oil 6 62
31 0 Corn oil 13 25
62 0 Olive oil 14 77
9 0 Palm oil 51 39
10 0 Safflower oil 9
12 78 0 Soybean oil 15 24
61 0 Sunflower oil 11 20
69 0
Values for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA represent
percentage of total fat calories, whereas those
for cholesterol are expressed as mg per
tablespoon. SFA is the sum of lauric, myristic,
palmitic, and stearic acids. Contain a
considerable amount (gt5) of alpha-linolenic
acid. Some are high in trans fatty acids
vegetable shorteninggtmargarine fatgtanimal fat
shorteninggtbutter fat. SFA, saturated fatty
acids MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids PUFA,
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
34
USDA FOOD PYRAMIDDaily Food Intake
Recommendations
I. 6- 11 servings of bread, cereal, rice or
pasta 1 serving is 1 slice of bread, 1 ounce of
ready to eat cereal, or a ½ cup of cereal,
rice, or pasta. II. 3-5 servings of
vegetables 1 serving is 1 cup of leafy
vegetables, a ½ cup of other vegetables (cooked
or chopped), or 3/4 cup of vegetable juice. III.
2-4 servings of fruit 1 serving is 1 apple,
banana, or orange, a ½ cup of chopped, cooked,
or canned fruit, or 3/4 cup of fruit juice. IV.
2-3 servings of milk, yogurt, or cheese 1
serving is 1 cup of low fat or skimmed milk or
yogurt, 1½ ounces of natural cheese, or 2
ounces of processed cheese. V. 2-3 servings of
meat, poultry, fish, dried beans, or nuts 1
serving is 2-3 ounces of lean meat, poultry
(white meat without skin), or fish, or 1 cup of
beans or nuts. VI. Use fats, oils, and sugars
(including syrup) sparingly
35
Recommendations for CHD risk reduction and weight
loss
  • Decrease calories and increase energy expenditure
  • Decrease saturated fat and cholesterol (animal
    fats)
  • Increase essential fatty acids, especially n-3
    (alpha-linolenic or fish oil-EPA/DHA)
  • Decrease sugar intake and increase intake of
    vegetables, fruits and grains
  • Decrease hydrogenated fat and tropical oil intake
  • Replace butter with soft no trans margarine or
    oil (canola and soybean) or plant sterol
    margarine
  • Decrease caloric density and increase fibre

36
Dietary Approaches Dean Ornish
  • Reversal Diet 10 fat, 70-75 carbohydrate,
    15-20 protein, 5 mg cholesterol/day, excludes
    all animal products (including seafood) except
    nonfat milk and yogurt, also excludes high-fat
    vegetarian foods, including oils, nuts, seeds,
    and avocados.
  • Prevention Diet Allows up to twice as much fat
    as the Reversal Diet, as long as blood
    cholesterol remains at 150 or less, allows meat
    and seafood, substitutes egg whites for yolks,
    use of canola oil.

37
Lifestyle Heart Trial
  • 41 male and female CHD patients
  • Randomized to lt10 fat diet, exercise and
    meditation (Rx group) vs. Step 1 diet
  • At one year 37 LDL-C reduction, 22 weight loss,
    and 1.8 regression in Rx group vs 2.3
    progression in control group (quantitative
    coronary angiography)
  • At 5 years 20 LDL-C reduction, 3.1 regression
    in Rx group vs 11.8 progression in control group
    (n35)

38
Dietary Approaches Zone/Soy Zone
  • Premise is to reduce insulin levels and stabilize
    glucose control by limiting starchy
    carbohydrates, emphasize low-density
    carbohydrates.
  • Emphasis on protein (avg. 75g/day for women and
    100 g/day for men) (one-third of plate) (soy
    protein products for Soy Zone) and carbohydrates
    (primarily from vegetables, fruits to a lesser
    extent). Allows limited monounsaturated fats.
  • Metaanalysis of clinical trial on soy protein
    (avg. 47g/day) showed reduction in total
    cholesterol of 9, LDL-C 13, and triglycerides
    11 (NEJM 1995 333 276-82)

39
Dietary Approaches Atkins
  • Intended to correct unbalanced metabolism by
    restriction of carbohydrates to reduce insulin
    production and conversion of excess carbohydrates
    into stored body fat
  • Induction diet limits carbohydrate intake to 20
    gms/day (e.g., 3 cups of salad veg or 2 cups
    salad 2/3 cup cooked vegs) to induce ketosis/
    lypolysis. Maintenance diet 25-30 gms/day.
  • Pure proteins, fats, and protein/fat allowed (all
    meats, fish, foul, eggs, cheese, veg oils,
    butter)
  • Most carbohydrates are not allowed--fruits,
    bread, grains, starchy vegs, or dairy products.

40
Data on Atkins and Zone diets
  • Medline analysis 2001
  • No large scale (gt50 subjects) long term
    (gt6months) follow-up studies could be identified
    with weight loss, cardiovascular risk assessment
    or clinical outcome data

41
Pritikin Lifestyle Program
  • 3-week residential program with exercise and ad
    libitum low fat (lt10 of calories) plant based
    diet
  • 4566 men and woman
  • Mean LDL-C reduction 25 in men and 20 in woman
  • Significant reductions in TG and HDL-C
  • Significant 3.2 reduction in body weight
  • Limited long-term follow up

42
Very Low Fat DietsAHA Science Advisory (Circ.
1998 98 935-39)
  • Diets lt15 cal from fat, 15 protein, 70
    carbohydrates shown to be associated with lower
    CVD rates.
  • Reducing fat intake from 35-40 to 15-20 reduces
    total and LDL-C 10-20, but can increase TG and
    lower HDL-C. Long-term effects after weight
    stabilization not known.
  • Effect on nutrient adequacy and density not
    well-known. Concern on meeting essential fatty
    acid requirements, esp. in youth (low-fat diets
    not recommended lt2 yrs).
  • Selected, high-risk persons with elevated LDL-C
    or CVD may benefit with proper supervision.
    Advice needed for optimal substitution of complex
    carbohydrates for fat.
  • Clinical trials needed to show if there is added
    benefit

43
Barriers to Dietary Adherence
  • Restrictive dietary pattern
  • Required changes in lifestyle and behavior
  • Symptom relief may not be noticable
  • Interference of diet with family/personal habits
  • Cost, access to proper foods, preparation effort
  • Denial or perceiving disease not serious
  • Poor understanding of diet/disease link
  • Misinformation from unreliable sources

44
Strategies for Maintaining Dietary Change
  • Tailoring diet to patients needs
  • Using social support inside and outside
    healthcare setting
  • Providing patient and caretaker with skills and
    training
  • Ensuring an effective patient-counselor
    relationship
  • Evaluation, follow-up, and reinforcement
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