As the Earth revolves around the sun, differen

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Observations

• Sun rises sets every day
• Sun rises in East sets in West
• Suns path in the sky is an arc
• Sun is at different angular altitudes in the sky
  at different times.
• The sun is never directly above (at zenith) in NY.

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Astronomy
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• The Geocentric theory explains all of these
  phenomena. Since movement of the Earth cannot be
  felt early scientists thought that the Earth was
  stationary and everything else moved around us.
• The geocentric theory says that the Earth is at
  the center of the solar system/ universe.
• Lets draw a little...

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The Geocentric Theory does not explain this

• Foucault Pendulum The first good evidence of the
  Earth's rotation was provided by a swinging
  pendulum. The pendulum would continue to swing in
  the same direction while the Earth rotated
  beneath it. A more recent source of evidence of
  rotation is the swirling pattern of weather
  systems seen by satellites.
• The Coriolis Effect makes the Foucault Pendulum
  work. The rotation of the Earth puts a "spin" on
  the air movement which causes a curve in the
  travel direction. In the Northern Hemisphere the
  turn is towards the objects right.

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• Galileo disproved the geocentric theory. He was
  the first to turn the telescope to the sky (he
  did not invent the telescope) for the purposes of
  Scientific observations.
• The moons of Jupiter orbit an object other than
  Earth. Galileo noticed that the four visible
  moons of Jupiter appeared to orbit around Jupiter
  and therefore did not revolve around the Earth.

Jupiters Moons
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• Galileo also observed the "phases of Venus" which
  demonstrated that Venus orbited around the sun.
• Lets draw some more.

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• The Heliocentric Theory explains all observations
  made from Earth.
• Heliocentric makes the sun the center of
  attention rather than the earth.
• And more drawing.

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• Here's an article written by Benjamin Franklin
  about how much sense the Heliocentric Theory
  makes
• The Whimsical Cook

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• The Columbia

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The value of the space program

• Personal Computers
• Colorization of black and white movies
• Solar powered calculators
• Aluminized bags for snack food
• Weather satellites
• Halogen lights for cars
• Sports domes
• Microwave Ovens
• Pocket calculators
• Phone calls by satellite
• Laser guided missiles
• "Mylar" balloons
• "Blue Blocker" sunglasses
• Digital watches and thermometers
• "DirecTV", "Dish Network", etc
• "Kevlar" for bullet proof vests
• "Mini Mag" flashlights
• Fishing line
• Fiber optics for phone calls

• Medical scanners
• Electronic ignition in automobiles
• Laser scanners in stores
• "Bulb Miser" devices for long life light bulbs
• Weather Maps on television
• Juice boxes for "Hawaiian Punch", etc
• "The Patch" medical device
• Breathing systems for Mt. Everest climbers, Scuba
  divers and firefighters
• Flexon" eyeglasses and dental braces
• Cellular phones and beepers
• Cable Television, H B O, Showtime, etc
• Pens that write upside down and under water
• Anti corrosive paint for bridges, boats Statue
  of Liberty
  
  
  
  
• Scratch resistant coatings on sunglasses
• Football helmets for the NFL
• Pacemaker batteries that last 20 years and can be
  recharged through the skin.
• Compact Disks
• GPS Navigation Systems

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• Rotation - to spin around an axis.
• How long does it take the Earth to spin once?
• How many degrees is a full spin?
• 36024hours 15/hr
• Earth spins at 15 degrees per hr

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Time zones

• How to figure out what the time difference is and
  are you E or W.

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The Earths Rotation does not have the same speed
all over
At the equator, rotation is 40,074 km/day
or 1670 km/hr
At NY
31,200 km/day or 1300 km/hr

At the poles
0 km/day or 0 km/hr
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• Revolution- to orbit around an object
• The Earth revolves around the sun in 365 ¼ days.
• Sidereal Day vs solar day

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As the Earth revolves around the sun, different
constellations are visible in the night sky. As
viewed from Earth, the sun is passing through Leo
(even though you cant see the stars during the
day.
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• The Axis of Rotation is the imaginary line that
  the Earth turns about.
• The axis always points to the North Star. This is
  called Parallelism of the Earth's axis.
• The imaginary surface of the Earth's yearly trip
  around the sun is the Plane of Earth's Orbit.

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Warning! The following statement sounds crazy
but you'll understand it if you read it slowly!
"The axis is tilted by 23.5 from the
perpendicular to the plane of its orbit."
Demonstration
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Seasons
Not drawn to scale. The orbit is not shaped like
this.
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Lets make a chart of the 4 key dates and what
they each mean.

Date
Name
Key points
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Summer Solstice

• June 21
• N. Pole is tilted towards the sun
• Sun is highest in the sky in NY
• Longest day, shortest night
• Sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer.

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Fall (autumnal) Equinox

• September 23
• Equal day and night
• Sun is directly over the equator

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Winter Solstice

• December 21
• N. Pole is tilted away from the sun
• Shortest day, longest night
• Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn

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Spring (vernal) Equinox

• March 21
• Sun is directly over the Equator
• Equal day and night

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Zenith
Summer Solstice June 21
Equinoxen March 21/Sept 23
Winter Solstice Dec 21
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HW on Seasons Day/Night
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• Discussion of a more or less tilted world

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An Encarta Animation
OK, Girls Boys, time for an activity on seasons
and the tilt of the Earth!
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Note

• The seasons are NOT caused by the distance from
  the sun.

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See what the Earth looks like RIGHT NOW
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Lets see how the suns position changes
throughout the year
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Time for a lab

• Take out lab 8-3 Ellipses

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Lets see some ellipses
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Perihelion Jan 3 93,000,000 miles
Aphelion July 4 95,000,000 miles
Not drawn to scale! The shape is more like a
circle
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Keplers Laws

• 1) All planets travel in elliptical orbits with
  the sun at one focus.
• Note The Earth's orbit is so close to a perfect
  circle that it can't be distinguished with the
  human eye.

See for yourself
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• 2) Each planet travels in such a way that a line
  joining the planet and the sun sweeps equal areas
  in equal times.

Kepplers Second Law
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March
April
February
May
June
January
July
August
September
December
October
November
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• 3) Relationship between distance and period
• P2 D3
• Where P is the Period in Earth Years
• And D is the distance in AUs

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• An AU is an astronomical unit, which is the
  average distance from the sun to the Earth.

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Two videos

• The Powers of Ten
• Bill Nye The Moon

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The Moon

• The moon revolves around the Earth once a month
  (moonth).
• Moon rises 50 minutes later every day.
• It can be seen during the day just about as much
  as the night.

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Phases of the moon handout
Sun way the heck to the left
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Last Half/ Last Quarter
Waning Crescent
Waning Gibbous
New
Full
Waxing Crescent
Waxing Gibbous
First Half/ First Quarter
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Notice the changing diameter of the Moon during
the 'moonth'. As the Moon's orbit brings it
closer to earth (perigee) at the New Moon, it
appears larger to us. Also notice how the Moon
'rocks' up and down and back and forth. That
happens because the Moon's orbit takes it above
the Earth's equator (allowing us to see more of
the south polar region) and below the equator
revealing more of the north polar region of the
Moon. The back and forth (east-west) rocking is
due to the changing orbital velocity of the moon.
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The Names of the Full Moons
Here are the traditional names given to each
month's full moon from the "Old Farmer's Almanac"
January Wolf Moon February Snow Moon March Worm
Moon April Pink Moon May Flower
Moon June Strawberry Moon
July Buck Moon August Sturgeon
Moon September Harvest Moon October Hunter's
Moon November Beaver Moon December Cold Moon
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Eclipses

• A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth blocks out
  the Moon's sunlight. The moon goes into the
  Earth's shadow.
• Lunar eclipses happen during a Full Moon.

penumbra
Earth
umbra
moon
sun
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• A solar eclipse is when the moon blocks sunlight
  from reaching the Earth.
• Solar Eclipses happen during a New Moon.
• Eclipses do not occur every time there is a full
  or new moon because the moon's orbit around the
  Earth is inclined.

moon
sun
penumbra
umbra
Earth
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A view of a Solar Eclipse as Seen from Space

• http//www.stormcenter.com/media/060331/

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• Angular size of the moon activity

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Tides

• The strength of gravity depends on how close two
  objects are and their masses.

m1 and m2 are masses of the objects d is the
distance
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Lets draw a diagram of how the moon causes
tides! Lets draw a diagram of what the tides
look like.
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• A Spring Tide is caused by a full moon and a new
  moon. The water springs from its highest level
  to its lowest for the month.
• A Neap Tide is caused by the half moon phases.
  The high tide is not so high and the low is not
  so low.

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The Planets

• Take out Lab 8-5 The Planets

The Solar System
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Time for a sing-a-long
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Comets

• Chunk of ice and dirt following an elongated
  elliptical orbit.
• DVD Weather- Wind Chp 9 (Solar Wind)
• Has a tail only when it comes close to the sun.
• The heat melts it and the solar wind sweeps the
  tail away.
• The tail always points away from the sun.

Encarta Solar System Great Comets!
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Meteors

• Meteor Showers result mainly from debris from the
  orbit of the comet.
• If the Earth crosses the path, the debris will
  fall to Earth as a visible meteor or shooting
  star.
• If the rock is big enough it will survive the
  fiery entry into the atmosphere and hit the
  surface as a meteorite.

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Video on what causes a meteor shower
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Stars

• Circumpolar and star trails

Circumpolar Constallations
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Stellar Fusion
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Hydrogen nucleus (Proton)
Helium
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2.016
Mass1.008
Mass4.0026
Mass1.008
1.008 x 4 4.032
4.032 4.0026 .0294
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Emc2
E energy
m mass
c2 speed of light squared
.0294 x 186,000 x 186,000 a lot from a little
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Lab Stellar Classification
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Short video on the formation of the Earth
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The Life of a Star
Cloud of gas Contracts Heats up Fusion
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If the star is 7x the sun or smaller Swell up to
a red giant Shrink to a white dwarf Slowly cool
and die
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova
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If the star is 7x the sun or larger Swell up to
a red giant Shrink collapse and explode as a
supernova Dies as a rapidly spinning core
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Or better yet! A black hole!
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Time for a sing-a-long
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• DVD The Right Stuff

The Doppler Shift
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Lab Spectral Analysis
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Deep Space
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The End
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• If asked- Travel _at_ speed of light Encarta
  animation (mind warping!)

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Spring March 21
Summer June 21
Winter Dec 21
Fall Sept. 23
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North Pole
NP 24hr LI 16hr Eq 12hr SP 0hr
Summer June 21
South Pole
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North Pole
NP 12hr LI 12hr Eq 12hr SP 12hr
Equinoxes March 21/ Sept23
South Pole
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North Pole
NP 0hr LI 8hr Eq 12hr SP 24hr
Winter Solstice Dec 21
South Pole