Terrorism is not new

1
Terrorism is not new

• Zealots
• Assassins
• Thugs

2
First Modern Wave

• Alexander II Pres. Garfield Pres.
  McKinley
• 1881 1881 1901

3
Second Wave Ethnonationalism

• Irgun bombing of King David Hotel, 1946

4
Second Wave

• FLN members 1957, Algeria

5
Third Wave Leftist Groups

• Red Army Faction
• (Baader-Meinhof Group)

• JRA members still wanted, 1990s

6
Third Wave Ethno-nationalists

• Yasr Arafat Black September
• PLO Chairman Munich, 1972

7
Views of Israel/Palestine
8
Post-1967
9
Detail of Post-1967
10
3rd vs. 4th WaveComparisons are general
comparisons there are exceptions to each

• 3rd

• 4th

• Motivation/Ideology
• Marxism
• Ethno-nationalism
• Funding
• State-sponsored
• crime
• Casualties
• low casualties
• Orientation
• National

• Motivation/Ideology
• Religion
• Religious nationalism
• Funding
• Crime, charities
• globalization
• Casualties
• Mass casualties
• Orientation
• Global

11
Fourth Wave Religious Terrorism

• Aum Shinrikyos
• sarin gas attack,
• March 20, 1995

12
Fourth Wave Sunni Radicalism

• Iranian Revolution
• (1978-1979)
• provides inspiration foreign fighters
• formation go home,
• of Afghan mujahadin form new groups
• or join existing
• Pakistan military groups, create a
• allies with radical global terror
• Islamic groups (1977-79) network
• provides sanctuary
• Ideological legacy USSR invades US,
  China, Pakistan Soviets
• of radical Islamic Afghanistan Egypt, Saudi
  Arabia, withdraw
• thought 1979 and others funding,
  1989
• provides ideology supplying, and training
• and inspiration mujahadin and jihadis

13
Roots of Radical Sunni Ideology

• Anti-colonial nationalism
• Israel-Palestine issue
• Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah
• (Damascas) 1263-1328 Deobandi Islam
• returning to original 1867 British-held India
• sources of Islam anti-colonial Islam Abu al-Ala
  Maududi Abdullah Azzam
• 1903-1979 Palestinian 1941-1989
• Pakistan Intellectual mentor of OBL
• Purification of Islam is a key
• to independence from British
• Salafism
• Late 1800s Rashid Rida, Egypt Muslim
  Brotherhood Sayyid Qutb
• return to 1866-1935 Egypt 1928
  1906-1966
• original sources only Salafi beliefs
  Hassan al-Banna Egypt Al-Qaeda
• can free Muslims rejects British
  colonialism member of MB Osama
  bin-Laden from colonialism rejects
  westernization of Islam purify
  Islam Ayman al-Zawahri
• rejects church/state separation
  violence if necessary

Israel-Palestine issue
14
Radical Islamic Ideology I

• Nationalists and Transnationalists share
• Salafists (pure Islam)
• No pluralism in Islam (some Nationalists may
  allow it)
• Anti-American
• Anti-western
• Anti-colonial (resistance or defense)

15
Radical Islamic Ideology IITransnationalists vs.
Nationalists

• Transnationalists
• Anti-nation-state
• Rebuild the Caliphate
• Anti-Democracy
• Example AQAM

• Nationalists
• Goal of building or taking power in a
  nation-state
• Democratic participation if advantageous
• Example Hamas and Hezbollah

16
Iranian Revolution
17
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
18
HAMAS v. PLO

• PLO Charter, 1968
• HAMAS Covenant (Islamic Resistance Movement),
  1988

19
Fifth Wave Lone Wolf Terrorism

• Timothy McVeigh Anders Breivik
• Oklahoma City, 1995 Oslo and Utoya Island
• 168 dead Norway, 7/22/2011 77 dead

20
Recent Lone Wolf Terrorism

• Syed Rizwan Farook Omar Mateen
• Tashfeen Malik Orlando, 6/12/16
• San Bernadino, CA 49 dead 53 wounded
• 12/2/15
• 14 dead 22 wounded

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Characteristics of Lone Wolf Terrorism

• Organizational links?
• Maybe no communication with group attacker
  identifies with
• Inspiration, not control
• Working alone
• Big plans, but spur of the moment attacks?
• Pledges allegiance to group at time of attack
• Social media provides clues (afterwards)
• Motive anger at something specific, becomes
  search for a larger reason to kill (attachment to
  a group ideology)
• Stopping them before.?